The Jungle Man Essays - Meat Packing Industry, The Jungle, Veil

The Jungle Man It was four o'clock when the ceremony was over and the carriages began to arrive. There had been a crowd following all the way, owing to the exuberance of Marija Berczynskas. The occasion rested heavily upon Marija's broad shoulders ? it was her task to see that all things went in due form, and after the best home traditions; and, flying wildly hither and thither, bowling every one out of the way, and scolding and exhorting all day with her tremendous voice, Marija was too eager to see that others conformed to the proprieties to consider them herself. She had left the church last of all, and, desiring to arrive first at the hall, had issued orders to the coachman to drive faster. When that personage had developed a will of his own in the matter, Marija had flung up the window of the carriage, and, leaning out, proceeded to tell him her opinion of him, first in Lithuanian, which he did not understand, and then in Polish, which he did. Having the advantage of her in altitude, the driver had stood his ground and even ventured to attempt to speak; and the result had been a furious altercation, which, continuing all the way down Ashland Avenue, had added a new swarm of urchins to the cortege at each side street for half a mile. This was unfortunate, for already there was a throng before the door. The music had started up, and half a block away you could hear the dull broom, broom of a cello, with the squeaking of two fiddles which vied with each other in intricate and altitudinous gymnastics. Seeing the throng, Marija abandoned precipitately the debate concerning the ancestors of her coachman, and, springing from the moving carriage, plunged in and proceeded to clear a way to the hall. Once within, she turned and began to push the other way, roaring, meantime, Eik! Eik! Uzdaryk-duris! in tones which made the orchestral uproar sound like fairy music. Z. Graiczunas, Pasilinksminimams darzas. Vynas. Sznapsas. Wines and Liquors. Union Headquarters ? that was the way the signs ran. The reader, who perhaps has never held much converse in the language of far-off Lithuania, will be glad of the explanation that the place was the rear room of a saloon in that part of Chicago known as back of the yards. This information is definite and suited to the matter of fact; but how pitifully inadequate it would have seemed to one who understood that it was also the supreme hour of ecstasy in the life of one of God's gentlest creatures, the scene of the wedding feast and the joy-transfiguration of little Ona Lukoszaite! She stood in the doorway, shepherded by Cousin Marija, breathless from pushing through the crowd, and in her happiness painful to look upon. There was a light of wonder in her eyes and her lids trembled, and her otherwise wan little face was flushed. She wore a muslin dress, conspicuously white, and a stiff little veil coming to her shoulders. There were five pink paper roses twisted in the veil, and eleven bright green rose leaves. There were new white cotton gloves upon her hands, and as she stood staring about her she twisted them together feverishly. It was almost too much for her ? you could see the pain of too great emotion in her face, and all the tremor of her form. She was so young ? not quite sixteen ? and small for her age, a mere child; and she had just been married ? and married to Jurgis,* (*Pronounced Yoorghis) of all men, to Jurgis Rudkus, he with the white flower in the buttonhole of his new black suit, he with the mighty shoulders and the giant hands. Ona was blue-eyed and fair, while Jurgis had great black eyes with beetling brows, and thick black hair that curled in waves about his ears ? in short, they were one of those incongruous and impossible married couples with which Mother Nature so often wills to confound all prophets, before and after. Jurgis could take up a two-hundred-and-fifty-pound quarter of beef and carry it into a car without a stagger, or even a thought; and now he stood in a far corner, frightened as a hunted animal, and obliged to moisten his lips with his tongue each time before he could answer the congratulations of his friends. Gradually

Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Example

Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Example Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Enhancement of elite athletic performance Essay Hypoxia and Altitude on Performance and the Imaging of Hypoxia From October 21-23rd 2009 the US Olympic Committee hosted the International Altitude Training Symposium which focussed on the practical application of height and hypoxic preparation for the sweetening of elect athletic public presentation [ 1 ] . This is in front of readyings for the 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games, peculiarly for the swimmers. American jocks are non the lone 1s to utilize altitude preparation to fix for competitions. Every twelvemonth many sportswomans spend several hebdomads before their events developing at high heights, using the effects of hypoxia, in order to give themselves the best possible advantage. Exposure to hypoxia leads to effects on several systems of the organic structure, runing from cardiac to respiratory. There have been many surveies conducted demoing that people who train at high height for at least three hebdomads develop good alterations in comparing to people who train at sea degree. These will be discussed in item. Hypoxia is defined as a deficiency of O2 and hence a low pO2.This lessening leads to an addition in Hypoxia Inducible Factors which drive the alterations in the organic structure. It is these alterations that can be exploited by jocks to bring forth a victorious public presentation. Hypoxia occurs when the organic structure has deficient O supply to tissues. There are two types depending on what is affected- generalized hypoxia occurs when the organic structure as a whole is affected and tissue hypoxia is when merely an country of the organic structure is involved. It must be noted that hypoxia differs from hypoxemia- whereas hypoxia is low O handiness to tisssues, hypoxemia is a reduced partial force per unit area of O ( pO2 ) in the blood. Hypoxemia can do hypoxia but it is possible to be hypoxic and non hypoxemic. There are several subtypes of hypoxia. The first is hypoxic hypoxia. This is a generalized hypoxia and occurs when there is unequal O in the blood. This can be pathological for illustration in patients with COPD or a right-left shunt in the bosom. It is the type of hypoxia seen when people go to high heights, excessively, due to the low partial force per unit area of O in the air and so this is the hypoxia stimulated in hypoxic collapsible shelters and other altitude-simulating Chamberss. The 2nd subtype of hypoxia is hypemic hypoxia. This occurs when there is a job with the blood and O conveyance instead than a deficiency of O. For illustration, people with anemia are able to transport far less oxygen around the organic structure than people with the normal sum of ruddy blood cells. Peoples with Methaemoglobinaemia besides suffer from hypemic hypoxia as their hemoglobin is transformed into methemoglobin which can non transport O. Hypemic hypoxia besides occurs in C monoxide toxic co ndition ( as the O is displaced from the red blood cells ) and can originate during blood contributions due to the sum of blood lost by the individual. Histotoxic hypoxia occurs when cells are unable to use O due to faulty enzyme reactions- this is normally brought about by inordinate intoxicant ingestion. Finally, there is ischemic hypoxia which arises when blood flow to tissues is restricted ( although the blood itself has normal O concentrations ) . The limitation consequences in the tissues non acquiring every bit much O as they need. Ischaemic hypoxia is involved in ischemic bosom disease and intellectual ischemia. Hypoxia causes the organic structure to undergo many alterations that are to a great extent disputed. It is known, nevertheless, that alterations are regulated through Hypoxia Inducible Factors, peculiarly HIF-1a.Under normal degrees of O ( normoxic conditions ) , HIF-1 is rapidly broken down by the proteasome but when conditions become hypoxic, HIF-1 is stabilized and permits the activation of cistrons indispensable to cellular version to low O conditions [ 2 ] . The cistrons activated include erythropoietin, GLUT- 1 and VEGF ( Vascular Endothelia Growth Factor ) [ 3 ] . The HIF tract is activated in hypoxic conditions by the suppression of the HIF hydroxylase enzymes ( Fe2+- and O2-dependent ) . The normal activity of these enzymes is to demobilize the HIF fractional monetary units forestalling the HIF tract from happening during normoxic conditions. However, the tract can be induced in normoxic conditions. Both MA Dery et Al and HJ Knowles et al agree that there is grounds that shows this. Dery et al studied how normoxic conditions can take to the activation of vascular and growing factors [ 4 ] whereas Knowles et al examined how normoxic look of HIF-1 is indispensable for macrophage map [ 5 ] in human malignant neoplastic diseases. Both agree though that the mechanisms involved in the tract activation in normoxic conditions are ill-defined. There are several different types of HIF. HIF-1 consists of two fractional monetary units ( it is a heterodimer ) an alpha ( which is oxygen dependant ) and a beta [ 6 ] . HIF-1a is encoded by the HIF1A cistron and is involved with the inflammatory response and with angiogenesis [ 7 ] and in a survey by Brouwer et Al, is said to be strongly expressed in people with Rheumatoid Arthritis ( therefore is a mark for future drug interventions in RA ) [ 8 ] . However, in a survey conducted by Szekanecz et Al, it is claimed that HIF-1a Acts of the Apostless aboard other go-betweens including VEGF in RA- HIF-1a is non entirely responsible [ 9 ] . I think this is far more likely than it being merely to make with HIF-1a. HIF-1? is encoded by the ARNT cistron ( aryl hydrocarbon receptor atomic translocator ) . Together HIF-1a and ? are HIF-1 and hence this is involved in vascularization in countries of hypoxia and is indispensable for immunological responses and is a important physiological regulator of homeostasis, vascularisation, and anaerobiotic metamorphosis [ 10 ] . However, due to these belongingss, HIF-1 allows malignant neoplastic disease cells to reproduce and go around the organic structure, which is what Knowles et Als were demoing in their survey. HIF-2 is besides a split into an a unit ( EPAS1 ) and a ? unit ( ARNT2 ) . Both of these bind to Hypoxia- Response Elements in many cistrons. In peculiar, HIF-2 is associated with Erythropoietin which leads to an addition in erythrocyte production. HIF-3 is disconnected, excessively. HIF-3a is encoded by HIF3A and is structurally similar to the other alpha subtypes ; HIF-3? is encoded by ARNT3. HIF-3 is regulated in a different manner to HIF-1 and 2, nevertheless the exact mechanisms, although explored in many surveies, are said to be unknown. Qi Fang Li et Al and M Heidbreder et Als are among many groups who have stated this. The results of HIF-3 activation are somewhat dissimilar to the other HIF groups. Heidbreder et Al concluded in their survey that HIF-3 might be involved in protection during early intervals of hypoxia and/or moderate hypoxia [ 11 ] . They concluded that it is possible that HIF-3 comprises a constituent that reacts more rapidly in response to hypoxic tissues [ 12 ] and that HIF-3a may, in the early phases of tissue version to hypoxia, bring on cistrons including GLUT-1 and EPO [ 13 ] . There have been surveies, nevertheless, beliing each other with respects to the actions of HIF-3. Qi Fang Li et Al concluded that HIF-3a is complementary instead than redundant to HIF-1a initiation in protection against hypoxic harm [ 14 ] whereas MA Maynard et Al stated that human HIF-3a4 is a dominant-negative regulator of HIF-1 [ 15 ] . Personally, I think that yes HIF-3 Acts of the Apostless in a different manner to both HIF-1 and 2 but I do non believe that it acts as a straight negative regulator to them. It brings about contrasting alterations ( as seen in Fig. 1 ) but all act to trip cistrons for protection against hypoxia ; HIF-3 seems to be involved at an earlier phase to HIF-1 and 2. Besides, in Maynard et Al s survey , they used a splicing discrepancy, HIF-3a4 which may non correctly show HIF-3 s actions. The existent overall effects are disputed and scope from one survey stating that they found that with respects to parametric quantities such as BP, HR, SV and TPR there were no notable alterations [ 16 ] to surveies where they have found advantageous alterations both neuromuscular and metabolic [ 17 ] that have been induced. However, it depends on the manners of training- length etcetera as discussed previously- undergone as to the benefits obtained. It is by and large agreed though that hypoxic hypoxia leads to improved O transporting capacity every bit good as mass of hemoglobin. Numerous surveies indicate that positive hematologic alterations occur- FA Basset et Al concluded that rises in the concentration of EPO and Hb, red blood cell and thrombocyte Numberss, and hematocrit [ 18 ] could be seen ; DL Bonetti et Al found in their survey that the concentration of Hb increased by 3.6 % [ 19 ] over three hebdomads of preparation. I do non hold with the findings of K Katayama et Al wh o stated that they found that resting hematologic parametric quantities remained unchanged [ 20 ] because I think that there is plentifulness of grounds to propose that they should. If HIFs cause erythropoietin degrees to increase and angiogenesis to happen so it makes sense that, if nil else, haemoglobin concentrations should increase. With respects to the cardiorespiratory effects, it is much less clear as to what occurs. It has been established that VO2 soap decreases with exposure to hypoxic conditions, even though the entire carrying capacity of O was enhanced [ 21 ] , but the mechanisms behind it are unsure. Hypoxia at high height does nevertheless do a individual to take a breath profoundly due to the deficit of O in the air, which in bend causes an addition in tidal volume. Nevertheless, take a breathing rate is said to non increase until the individual has gone above highs of 6000m [ 22 ] . If it does, this could propose the early oncoming of AMS. Uniting the cardiorespiratory and hematologic mechanisms and responses, the followers should be seen: blood force per unit area and hence cardiac end product should increase. This triggers stroke volume to diminish in order to brace CO. This means that the O demands of the organic structure are met non by greater blood flow but instead by greater O extraction [ 23 ] . The neuromuscular effects are rather controversial, excessively. Basset et Al concluded that apart from a little diminution in the activity of phosphofructokinase [ 24 ] no other alterations were observed in musculus enzyme activities, buffer capacity, capillary denseness or morphology [ 25 ] . RL Wilber et Al would differ with this as their survey showed that there were some positive neuromuscular versions [ 26 ] that occurred. I think that Basset et Al are likely more right because I think that in order to see alterations in the muscular structure one would hold to develop for more than a twosome of hebdomads. There are many other effects that are controversial and are said to originate from sustained exposure of hypoxia on the organic structure. These include the theory that the carotid organic structures enlarge and undergo histological versions. I think that this is likely rather a likely happening as these chemoreceptors detect pO2 and so alterations in this will take to the receptors holding to accommodate. Peoples who live at height for old ages or who have lived there for coevalss display other alterations, excessively. Systemic blood force per unit area beads due to vasodilation- people who have high blood force per unit area are frequently told to pass some clip at height to harvest this benefit. However, chronic hypoxia besides consequences in pneumonic high blood pressure because pneumonic vass constrict and go rather muscular. Heath and Williams suggest that the ground behind this is likely due to hypoxia moving straight on the smooth musculus [ 27 ] although it is non a defini te theory. Athletes do non merely utilize height and hypoxia for preparation ; they use it for rushing up recovery clip, excessively. When jocks get injured, many turn to hypoxic collapsible shelters to diminish the sum of clip they are injured for ; illustrations would be Lance Armstrong and Jermain Defoe. Defoe has bought a collapsible shelter to kip in to heighten recovery from his hamstring injury- he is utilizing the hypoxia to acquire back to his original fittingness. Athletes use developing programmes at height in order to outdo prepare for events and competitions. There are several different ways of integrating height and hypoxia in developing programmes. The most normally used is the live high-train high ( LHTH ) method where jocks live and train at height. Another is the live high-train low ( LHTL ) method which was developed due to the possible restrictions that the LHTL method put on endurance jocks [ 28 ] . This method is widely used and has jocks populating at height and preparation at sea-level. There are besides programmes where jocks have intermittent hypoxic exposure during remainder ( IHE ) and where they have intermittent hypoxic exposure during uninterrupted session ( IHT ) . Out of all of these the LHTL method is the 1 most normally implemented in preparation as it has been shown in several surveies to be the most good. For illustration, RL Wilber et Al showed in their survey that the LHTL method combines the effects of life at height, viz. an addition in endogenous erythropoietin [ 29 ] , with effects obtained at sea-level, said to be good metabolic and neuromuscular versions [ 30 ] . In fact, GP Millet et Al defined the optimal height for an erythropoietin addition as being between 2200-2500 m [ 31 ] and for non-haematological factors ( i.e. metabolic, neuromuscular ) as up to 3100 m [ 32 ] . They besides decided that the length of clip required to be at height to bring on accelerated erythropoiesis appears to be 4 hebdomads [ 33 ] ; for advantageous alterations in economic system, musculus buffering capacity, the hypoxic ventilatory response or Na ( + ) /K ( + ) -ATPase activity [ 34 ] they recommended less than three hebdomads. The sum of clip spent at high height is deemed critical in order to see full hypoxic benefits. Millet and his squad suggest that in order to excite erythropoiesis a individual should hold at least 12 hours per twenty-four hours exposure [ 35 ] . However, it seems that a reduced exposure clip is required for other alterations unrelated to haematology [ 36 ] . Many surveies have findings that disagree with this, though. One survey concluded that to deduce the physiological benefits of LH+TL, they need to populate at a natural lift of 2000-2500 m for gt ; or=4 wk for gt ; or=22 h.d ( -1 ) [ 37 ] . From reading extended articles based at different highs and times, it seems to me that developing at an height of about 2250m induces many of the good effects of hypoxia. Athletes should be populating at this height for most of the day- merely falling to take down heights for their preparation. There have been many surveies conducted to see the effects of IHT and IHE. Millet found that IHT appears to be more advantageous in bettering public presentation than IHE [ 38 ] . Several surveies support this by demoing how IHE does small for public presentation enhancing. One in peculiar concluded that their survey ( which involved rugger participants undergoing 9-13 Sessionss of IHE over 15 yearss and so reiterating public presentation trials within 12 hours of geting at 1550m [ 39 ] ) showed that IHE made some public presentation steps significantly worse [ 40 ] . Another survey found no important differences in HR, BP, Q ( degree Celsius ) , SV, TPR, cardiovascular variableness, or cardiac-vagal baroreflex map [ 41 ] between their control and intercession groups at any clip. It was hence determined that IHE for four hebdomads to immature jocks did non take to any sustained alterations in their autonomic control of blood force per unit area [ 42 ] . This is non to state, nevert heless, that hypoxia does non ensue in any alterations in blood force per unit area control. In fact, I believe that exposure ( that is non intermittent ) to hypoxia does so hold an impact because if BP is measured before people go to high height and when they return to see degree, there is a definite difference between the figures. Chronic exposure to hypoxia consequences in the smooth musculus of pneumonic vass compressing every bit good as in relaxation of arterias in the systemic system [ 43 ] . The result of this is that a individual can develop pneumonic high blood pressure but has less hazard of developing systemic high blood pressure ( it must be noted, nevertheless, that a individual must see drawn-out hypoxic exposure-many years- to see these effects and that the huge bulk of surveies that have found these alterations have been on people who have lived at high height for many coevalss. Therefore there may be a familial constituent to these alterations in blood force per un it area ) . From their research, Millet et Als have proposed a new preparation programme called Populating High-Training Low and High, interspersed [ 44 ] besides referred to as LHTLHi . This combines the LHTL preparation with 2-3 IHT Sessionss of supra-threshold preparation [ 45 ] per hebdomad. This seems a logical measure frontward as it combines the benefits of both methods and should hence take to jocks sing the full scope of hypoxic alterations. For many jocks it can be rather hard to hold entree to high height, and can hence be said to be at a disadvantage to others. For illustration, the manager for the Italian Football squad has been quoted as stating that his squad had non adequately prepared ( acclimatised ) for the games that were at high height [ 46 ] blaming this for his squad s failure to do it out of the group phases of the Confederations Cup. However, he says he has rectified the state of affairs for the World Cup ( to be held in South Africa ) by being more prepared. It has been said that many of the managers are traveling to do their squads train and play pattern lucifers at altitude in front of the tourney so as to be more appropriately prepared to play squads such as Brazil who train at height usually. England is one of many squads to hold a preparation cantonment at height to fix for the World Cup- they will be remaining at Rustenburg which is by the Magaliesberg mountain scope. Technology has advanced to let jocks to hold simulated altitude preparation, which allows them to be at sea degree but still see hypoxia. These devices include hypoxicator devices ( where a individual breathes in hypoxic air ) hypoxic ( height ) collapsible shelters and N flats ( which provides normobaric hypoxia ) . These machines are used to see how people respond to high height whilst in a safe environment. They are often used by people developing for expeditions to topographic points such as the South Pole and Everest so that they can orient their preparation and happen out if they are susceptible to any jobs at high height. Analysis in a normobaric hypoxic collapsible shelter at a fake height of 2500m may be utile in the early designation of ailing reacting persons to fake height environments [ 47 ] . If an person has hapless sleep quality that does non decide ( acclimatise ) over several yearss, it may be an indicant of mountain illness. However, it can be argued that AMS can be induced by replicated height and as such can non give a dependable indicant as to whether a individual is more likely to see Acute Mountain Sickness. Personally I think that it can be a reliable index of a individual s susceptibleness to AMS because although the collapsible shelter may bring on it, it is possible that it is merely rushing up the procedure. It is besides possible to safely see how an athlete adapts to an ague turn of hypoxia. C Guger et al conducted a survey to see how topics adapted to mounting to an height of 4000m within 12 hours whilst in a hypobaric chamber [ 48 ] and compared it to a old survey done on Mount Dachstein. They measured EEG, ECG, blood O2 impregnation and the topics had to make full in a Lake Louise questionnaire ( which measures the grade of AMS ) . The consequences of this survey suggested that the participants were incapable of accommodating [ 49 ] . They besides found that all the parametric quantities tested were still affected from the high height even one hr after the participants returned to 134m [ 50 ] . These consequences were similar to those obtained from the mountain and so back up my theory that the fake height machines are dependable ways of foretelling what happens at existent height and can observe AMS. While life at high height, athletes must take attention to avoid cold hurts and the negative effects of hypoxia. The sum of blood traveling to the appendages decreases at height compared to sea degree due to the redistribution of blood to critical variety meats such as the bosom and brain- O extraction rate is high here and a big sum of O is required for map [ 51 ] . The consequence of this is that fingers, toes and the face become susceptible to the cold and cryopathy can develop. Due to the shallow nature of frostnip it recovers reasonably rapidly ; interventions for this should be dry dressings and sterile safeguards [ 53 ] . Deep cryopathy is much more terrible and so anyone who develops this should be seen in infirmary and should ideally hold a Doppler scan followed by endovenous injections of vasodilative and warming up. Before anyone goes to altitude, they should undergo acclimatization for several hebdomads before ( utilizing climatic Chamberss ) so as to fix their organic structures for the utmost conditions. A cold adapted individual is said to continue heat and map more expeditiously in cold conditions and they besides tend to shudder less than a non-cold altered individual [ 54 ] as the low temperatures do non come as such a daze to their organic structure. Hypothermia is another hazard associated with high height and it can ensue in cardiac, intellectual and musculoskeletal maps increasingly deteriorating. Anyone with hypothermia should be reheated rapidly and have their heat loss reduced. AMS is peculiarly unsafe and if anyone starts to expose symptoms they should be treated and monitored as it can come on to high height intellectual hydrops ( HACO ) or high height pneumonic hydrops ( HAPO ) . The World Health Organisation defines AMS as happening when hypoxic emphasis outstrips acclimatisation [ 55 ] . WHO besides states that susceptibleness is chiefly familial, but fast rates of acclivity and higher sleeping heights are of import precipitating factors [ 56 ] whereas a individual s physical fittingness, sex and age bare small consequence on it [ 57 ] . The consequence of this is that even seasoned climbers and jocks can fall ailment. The causes of AMS are non wholly known but it is suspected by Heath and Williams to be due to H2O in the organic structure being redistributed [ 58 ] ; this occurs in response to hypoxic conditions. This redistribution is combined with that of blood off from appendages to the bosom, lungs and encephalon. The blood is hence said to pool taking to oedema which consequences in the symptoms associated with AMS ( purging, concern, weariness ) . Peoples normally get AMS if they ascend to altitude excessively rapidly, hence attention should be taken to travel to altitude easy, to cut down the hazard of falling ailment. It appears to be agreed that giving the drug acetazolamide can be used to cut down the hazard of AMS by assisting to forestall some of the H2O keeping in the organic structure by increasing urine end product. AJ Davies et Al s survey concluded that it does supply some protection against AMS [ but ] ideally trekkers need a more gradual path profile for mounting [ 59 ] ; the drug helps but is non every bit good as mounting to altitude easy [ 60 ] . Harmonizing to WHO, the symptoms of AMS are ameliorated by O or analgetic and antiemetics [ 61 ] . HAPO and HACO are potentially life threatening and develop from AMS. HAPO involves hydropss in the lungs- they become filled with the H2O that was redistributed from other parts of the organic structure [ 62 ] . It largely occurs merely at heights of 3000m and above [ 63 ] although there have been instances reported at lower highs. The people most at hazard are those who are exposing themselves to high heights and hypoxic conditions for the first clip and those who were antecedently used to the conditions but have spent clip off from them and are returning. Peoples who have had an episode of HAPO before are besides at an increased hazard of holding another. HAPO is more likely to happen when people ascend to altitude excessively rapidly or when they do excessively much physical activity when they have merely merely got to altitude, hence physical action and hypoxia [ 64 ] are the two chief factors. Consequently, if jocks are traveling to develop at height they should wait a few yearss before get downing any activity. The first symptoms of HAPO are said to happen six to ninety six hours after traveling to a high height [ 65 ] but after the forth twenty-four hours the hazard of developing HAPO falls markedly so that by the 10th twenty-four hours the hazard is merely little. The marks of HAPO involve declining respiratory jobs including coughing and terrible dyspnea [ 66 ] but tachycardia is besides present. Depending on the badness of the instance, thoracic skiagraphy shows opacities with patchy distribution [ 67 ] ( early phases ) or lungs covered in opacities which may be accompanied by uni- or bilateral pleural gush [ 68 ] ( advanc ed instances ) . HAPO has two chief mechanisms behind it. The first is Pneumonic Arterial Hypertension- PAH- which develops before the hydrops. PAH occurs due to several grounds: an addition in blood volume ( due to an addition in the figure of red blood cells and the sum of H2O ) and pneumonic vasoconstriction are the chief 1s ( these are stimulated by HIF and will be discussed subsequently ) . The 2nd mechanism is an addition in the permeableness of the endothelium which leads to the transmittal of the PAH and overperfusion of the pneumonic bed. Several drugs have been found to forestall and handle HAPO. One survey by O. Dunin- Bell and S. Boyle examines the instance of a climber who got HAPO and treated it himself with a choice of drugs- acetazolamide, Viagra and salmeterol [ 69 ] ; the climber was able to successfully finish his ascent. The grounds for these drugs is reasonably controversial. Acetazolamide has merely had one homo survey conducted [ 70 ] and because of this, it is unable to be recommended at the minute [ 71 ] . Besides, people with liver disease should non take it. Sildenafil has been shown to be good in one survey it enhanced gas exchange but besides protected against any pneumonic high blood pressure stimulated by the high height [ 72 ] taking to the sweetening of pneumonic circulation, but at that place have non been any systematic surveies to analyze its effectivity in HAPO ; this is the same for Salmeterol. However, there are other drugs that are used in HAPO. Nifedipine is a cardinal drug sing HAPO i ntervention and bar as it inhibits vasoconstriction. Besides, the inspiration of Nitrous Oxide has been used to handle people with HAPO- Kolluru et Al hypothesise that it intervenes in the permeableness of the pneumonic macrovascular endothelial bed to rectify the leaky bed under hypoxia [ 73 ] . Whatever the drug administered, anyone with HAPE should chiefly have O and remainder, sooner at a lower height. HACO is the intellectual version of HAPO and it may happen alongside it or on its ain. The symptoms of this include a terrible concern, weariness, ataxy but a individual enduring from it can besides show with behavioral alterations changing from crabbed and unlogical behavior to confusion, psychotic beliefs and hallucinations [ 74 ] . There are two types of HACO- the first is known as Cerebral Oedema of Acclimatisation. This occurs during acclivity to altitude but is instead rare as normally it is merely AMS that is suffered. The 2nd type is Cerebral Oedema of Extreme Altitude which occurs at really utmost highs in good acclimatised, athletic climbers [ 75 ] . Post mortems of people who have had HACO show terrible generalised extracellular encephalon hydrops with hemorrhagic micro-infarction [ 76 ] and there is much research sing the impact of HACO on the blood encephalon barrier ( BBB ) . It appears to be that acute hypoxia may ensue in the permeableness of the BBB increasing [ 77 ] ; SS Natah et Al s survey on rats showed look of endothelial barrier antigen ( EBA ) was reduced to 50 % between 24 and 48 H after exposure to hypoxia The values about returned to control degrees by 7 yearss, demoing version to hypoxia [ 78 ] . The reduced degrees of EBA would be adequate to change the BBB so that escape occurs. This escape would worsen the fluid keeping ensuing in big sums in the encephalon. In fact, on exposure to high altitude the sum of blood traveling to the encephalon can increase by every bit much as 40 % [ 79 ] so this combined with a faulty BBB would take to terrible jobs. However, DM Bailey et Al found in their surveies utilizin g diffusion- leaden magnetic resonance imagination that there is some mild astrocytic puffiness [ 80 ] ensuing from unstable redistribution from the extracellular ( hypoxia- affected ) infinite to the intracellular infinite [ 81 ] . I think that in order for HACO to develop, though, that there must be some harm to the BBB so that fluid goes deep into the encephalon resulting in the symptoms experienced. This is corroborated by K Hicks et Al s survey which concluded that hypoxic emphasis can take to accommodations in the cytoskeletal construction of the BBB adding to its perturbation [ 82 ] . They besides found that Ca inflow through Transient Receptor Potential Channels ( TRPC ) contributes to this. HACO can be treated with similar drugs to HAPO. However the primary drug used is big endovenous doses of Decadron. Hypoxia is by and large measured and imaged with respects to tumours to seek and work out the nature and size of any present. Therefore many of the surveies around present their findings on imaging hypoxia in a tumour- oriented mode. However, it is possible to image hypoxic effects to derive insight as to how hypoxic a individual is. These will be discussed subsequently. It is by and large acknowledged that the best manner of mensurating hypoxia is by utilizing a chemical called EF5 [ 2- ( 2-nitro-1 [ H ] -imidazol-1-yl ) N- ( 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl ) -acetamide ] . This is a peculiarly utile chemical as it can be implemented with both invasive ( biopsy based ) and non-invasive ( PET- based ) methods. EF5 is used in concurrence with a fluorescently conjugated monoclonal antibody ( frequently ELK3-51 or 18F ) which allows immunohistochemical sensing of the EF5. ELK3-51 was specifically designed to observe the adducts of EF5- which are detected by direct immunofluorescence. EF5 is lipotropic and is taken up by metabolically active cells and binds covalently and selectively ( under hypoxic conditions- binding is maximum when conditions are badly hypoxic ) to cellular supermolecules. This occurs as a consequence of hypoxia-dependent bioreduction by cellular nitroreductases [ 83 ] . This therefore allows the measuring of the pO2 of cells and tissues ; O2 ingestion rates can be calculated. CJ Koch et Al found that EF5 is a stable molecule and its pharmacokinetics can be estimated [ 84 ] . It besides has a changeless half life, therefore it is a comparatively easy molecule to track and the consequences of EF5 adhering related to the O degrees of tissues can be analysed with easiness [ 85 ] . Meanwhile WT Jenkins et Al stated that EF5 adhering provides elaborate spacial information on the distribution of hypoxia in feasible tumour tissue [ 86 ] . It must be noted nevertheless that necrotic tumors tissue does non take up EF5 because cells here can non meta bolize it, hence these cells

Sales Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sales Management - Essay Example The examples can be a deafening silence, beautiful ugly, constant variable etc. The use of oxymoron for sales ethics puts forward the meaning that sales and ethics are two opposite concepts. To explore this in detail, the phrase sales ethics is an oxymoron means that in sales there is no place for ethics. The sales persons cannot be ethical if they have to get their work done properly. The sales force has to maneuver facts, figures and details in order to sell their product and beat competition. The corporate race these days compels the companies and their sales representatives to speak positive about their product and make it appear larger than life in order to attract customer attention. In this era of increasing prices, fierce competition, the firms cannot add too much value to their products but are compelled to show a luring picture so that their sales graphs go up. These days it is all about graphs number and profits, goodwill, loyalty has taken a back seat. Having mentioned th e above general perception regarding sales and ethics, let us validate and form an opinion based on concepts and analysis. For centuries the great writers and philosophers have been trying to come up with the definition of ethics. The word ethics is a complex concept and its complexity is derived from the lack of a universal definition. Ethics is different for different people, what I believe to be ethical may be unethical for someone and vice versa. â€Å"Ethics, in fact, is all about fairness and equity, and a fine balancing act, the balancing treatment of the two parties involved, sharing of benefits and losses, and sharing of the good and bad consequences or misery imposed by calamities, natural events etc.† (Madhavan 2008, 4) The field of ethics is very subjective; it is a personalized value system and judgment that varies from person to person. It deals with a person’s emotional values along with the logical benchmark; anything below that line of ethics is unethi cal and wrong. But the fine line between being ethical and unethical has blurred over the years. More and more firms are entering into marketing gimmicks and tricks and trade of the sales games and calling it ethical because of its commonality. Having talked about personal or individual ethics let us now explore business ethics. In any organization the value and opinions are formed by the people working in it. How well an organization carries out its value and conveys it to its customers depends upon the conduct of its employees. â€Å"Business ethics is the study of business situation, activities, and decisions where issues of right and wrong are addressed.† (Crane and Matten 2007, 5) The firms need to establish a morally right and wrong criteria as an ethical value system in the organization. Every individual in the organization should work towards the good of the organization and individual selfish gains should be avoided for the firm and society to prosper in an ethical m anner. However, the real world of business posses several ethical confusions and issues to the sales force putting them into an ethical dilemma.†Anyone who wants to succeed in sales should be aware of the ethical issues that can arise. For a number of reasons, activities related to sales seem to have a greater frequency and level of ethical issues.†

Gender Controversy Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Gender Controversy - Speech or Presentation Example I perceived my task to lie in the need to demonstrate that as far as gender issues excite especially heated debates within the religious circles, the example of women involvement into the Church activities serves as quite a unique tool of investigation of the wider field of gender aspects of organisation studies. In order to fulfil the described task, our group completed the secondary background research with the aim to draw from the existing research the conceptual basis for the problem of women in the Church, to formulate it in the form of short thesises applicable for the purpose of making a concise and informative presentation, and to collect sufficient amount of relevant examples from historical and modern developments in the explored filed of study that would be used to buttress the premises and conclusions of the research. The presentation prepared by our group for the symposium is called "Women, Priesthood and the Church of England", the title that simultaneously places the problem in the area of gender issues, and alludes to the more specific circumstances existing within the Church of England. The presentation is structured in such a way as to represent the prevalent attitudes towards gender within the Church, and to compare religious views of gender with those held in such an important sphere of social life as business. According to this logic of representation of information, we opened our presentation with statement of the underlying assumptions on which we operated, and with mentioning of the most fundamental statement about the Church, namely that it is a very specific organisation that shares similarities and differences with business organisations. In the main body of the presentation we outlined specific qualities of religious and business organisations in relation to their structural peculiarities and their gender discourse, and according to a number of parameters that enabled us to make meaningful comparisons, e.g. sources of motivation (profits in business and divine fulfilment in religion), basic world views (survival of the fittest in business, and equality of people before God and their gender difference firmly integrated in religion), sources of justification of prevalent beliefs (capitalist discourse in business, and historic grounding in religion), etc. At this point, we can already see in what ways religion and business are similar, on what points they diverge, and what it means for the gender discourse. One of the early important conclusions that can already be made here is that due to some principal elements of faith the Church is limiting itself in its flexibility in achieving gender equality, which helps us under stand one the main reasons of the gender controversy in application to religious organisations. After the revealing comparative section of the presentation, we moved to the formulation of thesises that comprise the essence of the gender and priesthood problem. We outlined a number of general themes that deserve examination in the light of gender and priesthood problem, and which seem to indicate the main lines to approach it. Perhaps not surprisingly, many of these themes are very much similar

GUN CONTROL Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GUN CONTROL - Research Paper Example It was only last year that over twenty students in the US were brutally murdered by an unknown assailant who used a gun to spray bullets unto innocent people. This has therefore necessitated the immediate curtailing of this unlawful act. Moreover, the world today is under high alert of terrorist attacks through which the use of guns is part and parcel. Conventions and international conferences have in the past been convened to look into this matter in the international arena and strategic decisions made over the issue. However, though countries are in record of designing legislations as well as policies meant to control the use of gun, implementation has been seen to be failing. This is because the ease of movement of goods as well as information has greatly changed within the era of technological advancement and globalization. This paper therefore intends to analyze on some strategic steps that have been made in the past concerning this issue, their success as well as their failure and in conclusion recommend on some realistic steps that would adopted for the sake of success in this fight. The US has noted high number of debates as regards the ease of possession of guns as against total curtail of the same to general public but only to the security personnel. However, majority have been found to debate on the lineage of the political affiliation with these alienations more on democrats as well as the republican. With reason, some support the legislation formulation to allow the acquisition and sale of guns to the public though at monitored public showrooms through which sold guns can be tracked. They equally support the ban of sale to persons with questionable mental capabilities for the case of insanity. Nevertheless, the great concern is to how the evaluation of sanity is to be conducted. On the other hand, some people are of the opinion of absolute control of possession of guns by the public and as such support the possession of guns by only security agents . With majority of the US citizens owning guns, activism has slowly changed from the issues of gun control to the protection of gun rights. This is as revealed by a recent survey in the entire of the US (Dimock and Doherty, 2013, 1-6). The US has been seen to be very vocal on the issue of regulating guns within the states especially following the last year’s mass killings by an unknown assailant in a cinema. According to a white house release, the president is in support of imposition of background checks on sale of guns in efforts to curb the availability of guns within the wrong hands. The proposition is for a centralized system through which the government will be in opposition to regulate the flow of guns within the citizens of the States. As per the report, by controlling the availability of military assaults within the market would go a long way in controlling crime with the semi automatic and other high range ammunition gadgets within the states. Moreover, the presiden t reveals commitment for his governance to oversee the proper provision of mental care for the public for the purpose if maintaining sanity which has also been seen to contribute immensely towards the criminal activities involving guns (Anon, 2013, 2-13). In a rather supportive move towards this ban of existence of guns of

Strategic Procurement Issues Inherent In A Hospital Project Construction Essay

Strategic Procurement Issues Inherent In A Hospital Project Construction Essay Health care of the society is the top concern of the government. The government is committed to improving the quality of care of all the people therefore the poor quality of the hospital building became a major concerned. The aim is to restore and improve quality delivery of health services to local community required betterment of the facilities. There are two options available in front of trust and as per the government report; the trust has forty eight months to improve the hospital infrastructure. The chief executive and the head of the estate at trust with the consultation of central government have been provided two options: To renovate the existing building or To build a new hospital on a derelict site, this was formerly used by heavy industry owned by city council. This project is an assessment of the procurement options design and build novation procurement method under the private finance initiative and the issues that awake using the strategy during the project. After examine the carefully and assessing the entire clients (the Trust) requirement, for the proposed hospital, the report recommends building of a new hospital on the derelict site and the use of design and build procurement system. This is because the design and build procurement option offers cost effective, time bound, good quality and sustainable project delivery. The proposed design and build procurement system has the characteristics of achieving the issue of clients requirement appropriately and under the P.F.I. (private finance initiative) will give the best value for money with a focus on the public sector procurement as mentioned in the project brief. It also leads to time savings and achieve value for money and the required quality as per ground situation. The report also assessed the risks using the supply chain management under the scheme of private finance initiative involve in the project and their solution as the success of the project is concerned. Finally an effective supply chain management with T.P.I (Third party inspection) procedure has also been recommended for efficiency in the project delivery in order to meet the quality standard required by the hospital trust. INTRODUCTION This report seeks to address all the strategic construction procurement issues inherent in a hospital project and an appropriate advice given to the chief executive of the trust. The process is to map the effective stakeholders and their influence on the project. There is a brief of the project from initiation through design with drawing of the new build building as required a lot of detailed changes to convert the derelict industry into hospital building to make a proper use of the building as well as to make an appropriate use of the surrounding of the building. The operation and maintenance after construction in long run is major concern for providing a better and superior quality of services therefore design and build novation under P.F.I. is best option available. STATEMENT OF WORK 2.1 Scope of project Client Objectives: The time seems to be major constant as the Trust has given only 48 months of time to improve the structure and facilities and for the Construction of the new hospital building. As the estimate are final to 90 m Pounds the cost is also the major constant for the client obtained the certainty in cost to obtain best value for money with in a focus on the public sector procurement. The quality is also the major concern as the new build site is not developed properly and the trust has to Develop the road works, parking, hard and soft landscaping, drainage and other external works for the use of hospital running, Provision of office accommodation, a restaurant / cafà © area and obviously some form of warehouse and delivery areas. To preserve and develop and make appropriate use of the existing flora and fauna at the site of new build to make it more eco-friendly environment for the hospital patient and working of staff. It has been assumed that the present derelict bridge is just opposite the site of the building and near the flora and fauna to make appropriate use of the derelict pedestrian bridge, it can be develop for the site scene / landscape. s The study prevails that there is an existing mineshaft, which has to be close effectively so that it should not effect the environment of hospital surrounding in the future. There is need to adopt the construction management program to maintain supply chain management for effectively completion of project on time and maintain quality of material used and be in cost effective. Scope of the project Supply chain management procedures to be adopted so that all the material should be procure well in advance for the timely completion of the project and as all the material has to be procure by contractor by T.P.I. (third party inspection) by Independent body has been suggested to maintain the quality if the material used. The client has maintained PEP plan for control and performance measurement Comparison between the New builds site and Old Refurbishment. The following point has been taken to make comparison between New Building by using derelict industry and the Refurbishment of old building as per the client (TRUST Hospital) requirement. The survey team after analysing following points comes to conclusion that the use of new building for the construction of the hospital as an appropriate decision: The Survey team has assumed that the derelict Industry was closed due to competition in market and is not old more than 10 years as the Old hospital is approximately 70 to 80 years old. So structure needs more maintenance after construction It has been analysed that the old building has to be Control demolished which is still not possible with the current running of the hospital in the existing building. As its suggested that ramp should be used in hospital instead of stairs for the movement of patient from one floor to another and even in case of emergency like fire etc, when lifts cant be operate. So the construction of ramp in new building is easy else its very difficult to provide ramp in the old building. The derelict industry site has a wide range of flora and available in its surrounding which is best for the environmental policy of the NHS. From the studies of project brief it has stated that the hospital used for the acute care and accident and emergency so there will be a helipad will be preferred to Trust at the tar macadam area for landing of helicopter in case of emergency services through the helicopter, as well the new build site is well connected to road for quicker services through road as well. The new build site is also have provision for the future extension as the development are taking place in the surrounding area over decades of time. The specialist installation such as heating, ventilation and air condition is easy in new building while during the refurbishment it is quite difficult to replace the new with old one and difficult in after maintenance. Project Stakeholders The stake holders are important part in the overall process of project success so all the beneficial stakeholders are identified related to subject and their influence are clarify properly. As Walker and Marr states that a stakeholder is a term used for individuals or groups who have a connection to or an association with an organisation. They have a stake, claim, or vested interest in the day to day operation of the Project. The only way of business to know their value will be to determine exactly who their stakeholders areà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..and to ask them. The urgency to adapt to stakeholder power and leverage it as a business strategy is not just a business fad; it is a winning approach and the more satisfying way to do business - WIN WIN Solution. A commitment to sustainability is broader, deeper and of substantially greater strategic value to a company than merely reporting on environmental outcomes. One goal of sustainability initiative is to realize long term business benefits by building non-financial performance measures- issues key stakeholders care about into business processes. When we have gained commitment from our stakeholders, it enhances our business performance, growth and higher stock value over time. All stakeholders may be important, but nobody said they were all equal. (Walker and Marr, 2001) Extended Stakeholderism The customers, employees, and owner, or investor would consider the immediate, or core, stakeholders because these are the one we live with every day. But as in our families we have close relation with and obligation to the rest of the family as well the extended stakeholder of the business. Business depend upon on forging powerful relationship with what we would call extended stakeholders, those individuals outsides an organization beyond customers who are important to the business, such as suppliers, alliance partners, community leaders, the media , and the government. Immediate Stakeholders Extended Stakeholders Individual investors Institutional investors Customers Employees Unions Suppliers Alliances Partners Industry associations Local communities Consumer/ user association Special interest group Media Government regulators Competitors Outside board directors The general public (Beyond local communities) Financial Analysis Lenders Education leaders The Status of Stakeholder Loyalty There is value in evaluating and classifying stakeholders according to different levels of commitment to the project. Survey research can/has determine peoples position regarding the firm and their loyalty to it. Their answers can/has used to position the stakeholders on a spectrum of: . How positive or negative they feel towards the firm and . How likely or unlikely they are to remain loyal or continue supporting the firm in the future. We would normally people in a simple matrix. There are four possible combination of high and low attitude and behavior in this matrix, so we can segment the stakeholders as being truly loyal, accessible, trapped, or high risk Behaviour Positive Negative Truly Loyal Accessible Trapped High Risk High ATTITUDE Low The successful stakeholder relationship passes through four stages, called the Four Gates of Engagement: Awareness, Knowledge, Admiration, Action. (Walker and Marr, 2001) Recognition of project through from initiation through design, construction, operation, and maintenance and their consequent impact on the project procurement issue As the new build site has proposed the following points are suggested for the construction As there was a mine shaft present in the surrounding of the site so a case study has been done to investigate the Bearing capacity of soil for the construction of the hospital building. The design is be eco-friendly basis on the following points: Their should be proper ventilation and natural Light and air arrangement for the patient health and to keep staff working spirit up for efficient working. The CLC (cellular light weight concrete) blocks are hollow and hence will help in maintaining the internal temp of the room and also help in reducing sound level as hollow blocks are good insulator of heat and sound. As CLC blocks are also help to eliminate the crack between the brick and concrete and hence it will lead to less maintenance in future better value for money. The large tar macadam area, surrounding the site should be developed as the helipad so that the emergency cases can be carry through the helicopter easily and further land will be used for the recreational activities of the staff. The derelict bridge can be developing for pedestrian to cross the road as the adjacent arterial road will become more congested during peak periods. Risks Miler and lessard (2001) states that the successful projects are not selected but shaped with risk resolution in mind. Risk is the possibility that event, their resulting impact and dynamic interactions may turn out differently that anticipated and construction is nothing special compared with other industries because we simply carry out projects to a specified timescale using teams of specialist for design and construction by marshalling appropriate resources to overcome the physical and technical power involved. So to manage risk is most important for the successful completion of project in Time to keep certainty in cost and achieve the appropriate quality. RISK MANAGEMENT PROCESS RISK ASSESSMENT IDENTIFYING HAZARDS Assess probability and consequences Priorities Risk control measure Remove Contractually Insurance Retain Self finance Reduce Eliminate/substitute Reduce chance Reduce effect Residual risk RISK MANAGEMENT Risk management Process (Gunn 2008) To monitor the risk, the risk register should be maintained at site RISK REGISTER Item Description Risk Without control Controls Residual risk Action H M L Cost Impact Time impact` Others (CIOB (2002) (Chartered Institute of building code of practice for project management, 3rd edition. Blackwell edition) PROCUREMENT RISK Procurement Method Balance of Risk Client Contractor Traditional Lump sum Client Led design and built Contractor -led design and built Management contractor Construction management Contractor Finance (PFI) Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Finance Design Construction Hughes and Murdoch (2000) states that the apportionment of risk in design and build contracts is unique among procurement methods. This uniqueness is brought about by the single point responsibility and by the nature of the relationship between employers requirement and contractors proposal. The following points are considered for risk management in Design and built: Money Completion of the project Default by employer or contractor Time Quality Measurement of performance and benchmarked Akintoye, Beck and Hardcastle (2003) indicated the PEP plan is a live, dynamic management document that records the project strategy, organisation, control procedure and responsibilities. It is updated regularly during the projects life cycle and used by all parties both as a means of communication and as a control and performance measurement tool. Value management and other activities lead to the completion of various reports that are contained in the PEP. Examples of items that PEP should contain are: The options appraisal incorporating the clients value system. The user needs the strategic brief. The performance statement of all aspects of the project, the project brief The project execution strategy The form of contract, partnering agreement, etc The contract specifications / drawings etc Project reporting procedure and particularly the procedure for information distribution, and communication, between the clients project team consultant and the contractor The executive summaries and action plan from value management workshop reports The risk management strategy and latest risk analysis The required completion date including for any phase Holroyd (2003) considered that this is not about lowest price, but ultimately about best overall value for money. Partnering implies selection on the basis of attitude to team working, ability to innovate and to other efficient solutions. We think that it offers a much more satisfying role for most people engaged in construction and the introduction of performance measurement and competition against clear targets for improvement, in terms of quality, timeliness and cost, as the principal means of sustaining and bringing discipline to the relationship between clients, project team and their suppliers. The evidence we have seen is that these relationship, when conducted properly, are much more demanding and rewarding than those based on competitive tendering. There are important issue here, particularly for the public sector. He also consider Latham Report that effective partnering between client and contractor with teamwork and a win-win approach helped to bring the Sizewell nuclear p ower station to completion on time and within budget. But there is still scope of improvement in productivity and cost reduction, especially if design and construction team could be kept together. Akintoye, Beck and Hardcastle (2003) consider that PFI is the principle model of PPPs in the UK NHS. Procurement Route: To choose an appropriate procurement strategy is most important to achieve value for money, cost certainty and in time and of best quality. Holroyd (2003) states that clients who know what they want, who do not change their minds, and who states clearly what they want, tend to procure projects that do represent value for money. As Masterman states that the formulation of the most appropriate strategy is one of the most important tasks that the client has to undertake the projects life. The project strategy consist of a number of sub strategic areas, which needs to be examines in detail so that appropriate decisions can be taken as to which sub strategy should be adopted. The following points should include: Milestone schedule time; Quality; Financial objectives, funding and cost planning The role of the client and the third parties; The client project objectives; Environmental issues; Safety; Legal and insurance issues; Technical and design philosophy Project/ work breakdown structure; Risk management; Project constraints; Public relation/ communication The appropriate method of procurement mostly depends upon the following: Whether the organisation is publicly or private owned or funded The level of knowledge and experience within the organisation in dealing with the construction industry and implementing building project. Whether the project is needed by the client to accommodated his/her own industrial or commercial activities or whether the project is needed to lease, or sell, to other. The activities carried out by the organisation and the resulting project typology. Categorisation of building procurement System: Separated Integrated Management Discretionary Oriented The Conventional System Design Variation British partnering of Property Build Design Federation Build System Package Develop Construction Deals Management Turnkey Construct Management Design Contracting Manage Design and Build In DB there is a single point responsibility for both the design and construction of the project. The clients benefits from the contractors expertise early in the project. Research (Gidado and arshi 2004) suggest that there may be as a many as six versions of design and build. For instance, Rawlinson (2008) reports on the recent successful use of develop and construction with a two stage tender and tendering arrangement, a novated design, open book accounting and with the risk and value benefits of a Collaborative approach all on the same project. Types of Design Build Arrangement Extreme Variety A Employer led Design Develop and construct Design and Build (Single stage tender) Z Contractor led design Design and build (two -stage tender) Negotiated design and build Design and manage Turnkey The client may wish to provide the contractor with minimal information in the form of an outline brief. This will leave the design and built contractor fully responsible for the conceptual and detail design in order to meet the employer requirements. An alternative twist on develop and construct, is to novate the architect or design team to the contractor once the contract has been awarded. This variant is known as novation design and build because the clients architect, and may be other member of the design team, are legally passed over to the contractor in order to produce the detailed aspects of the design. The novation arrangement should be agreed with the architect when he is first appointed. In this way, the client will maintain an interest in the design but the contractor will pay the continuing design fees through to contract completion and become responsible for the entire design. The Tender documents will contain details of the clients consultation and the proposed novation procedure, together with a requirement that the contractor who is eventually awarded the contract will have to accept responsibility for the total design of the project, including the initial work carried out under the clients aegis. In other words it is as if the consultants by the contractor, including the level of fees, have been predetermined by the client, although normally this is a matter for negotiation between the contractor and the design team. DESIGN AND BUILD CLIENT LED DESIGN RELATIONSHIP The Team being novated to DB Contractor . (WILEY-BLACKWELL, 3rd edition, construction planning, programming and control 2009: 32) Procurement strategy The choice of building procurement systems available to clients is now so wide that the need to carry out the selection of the most appropriate method depends upon the critically study of the clients (TRUST) requirement in a disciplined and objective manner. (Masterman 2006) The procurement of a construction is chosen upon the clients project requirement and a balance between time, quality and cost. After considering entire client requirements critically and the forecast budget. JCT Design and Build novated system contract is most appropriate for the construction of hospital for the trust as According to International Commission on building (CIB W92) the procurement process is a strategy to satisfy clients development and/ or operational needs with respect to the provision of constructed facilities fro a discrete life cycle. (Masterman 2006:26) Under the JCT 05 design and build conditions, it is perhaps worth noting the practice that the employer identified a design team and the same team will become the contractors team once the contractors is appointed under a design and build form of contract and the payment terms may be either stage payments or periodic payment. Periodic payments are normally monthly, whereas stage payments are based on agreed cumulative values linked to stages or milestone as stated in the contract particulars. The payments period from the payment request date is specified in the contract as 14 days. (Davison 2006) We can write it as the option chosen for the design and build is on the cost effective and time management as steffen and Jeffery in Stakeholder Power states that as proven by the corporate raiders, one of the fastest means of raising stock value is to boost profit by cutting costs. This ushered in the era of crash dieting by large companies also known as reengineering or downsizing. (Walker and Marr 2001) The Procurement strategy is chosen on the basis of following criteria noted in the NEDO report. NEDO has suggested eight procurement factors to be considered at the procurement stage. Of these, the three main considerations are: Cost certainty of the market price at the bid submission and final account stages. Time the overall timing of the project from inception to completion. Quality the clients required standard of design and workmanship as expressed in the specification. Five other considerations were also highlighted as being influential on the choice of the procurement route. These are: Complexity Complexity of the building design, layout and services provision. Controllable variation How sure is the client of his requirements? The cost of variation of the contract may prove difficult to agree and assess. Degree of completion Does the client wish to create competition at the design and construction stage of the project? Client Responsibility Does the client wish to be directly involved in the decision making during the project. Risk in the project Commercial risk, occupation risk, design and construction risk. Taking the following factors into account, decisions has made in relation to: Choice of appropriate Procurement strategy for managing the contract (JCT- Design and Build) The Clients requirement stated in the Task Considering the clients brief and assessing the projects feasibility Considering the Project Finance Decided how to procure and manage the design and construction Considering the realistic time period for the overall project. (Williams and Cooke 2009) As the time period is of high priority and the early starting of the project is the must as the Clients required the project to be: Completed as quickly as possible (because time is money a month delay in project not even counted the construction charges but also a lot of overhead and industrial charges also) Completed by specific date (that must be achieved to ensure the govt about the proper running of the hospital) Completed on time once it commence (with no time slippage by starting the project at once under design and build procurement method) 50 40 35% 30% 30 25 % 20 6% 10 2% 2% 0 JCT98 JCT JCT JCT JCT Other Standard Intermediate Minor with Management Form Form Works Contractors + Agreement Design Major Projects SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT HOLROYDS (2003) suggest that the supply chain role is critical to achieving sustained improvement and forward thinking. In the context of extensive sub-contracting this is perhaps more so. Partnering, correctly implemented, will provide benefits comparable to those obtained by the integrated project process. (Trevor M. Holroyd, Buildability, Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London 2003) Some major clients have assembled their own standing lists of preferred suppliers according to requirement of their projects so that their project can be managed on a more long term and integrated basis while retaining an appropriate degree of competition and control. These suppliers or supply chain partners, include architects, engineers, main contractors, specialist contractors and suppliers of a variety of goods and services. The supply chain can be defined as the entire chain of processes that exist between the point at which a need for goods or services arises to the point at which the end user receives them and payment is made to the supplier. Problem is that one part of the chain impact directly on all subsequent stages, and proactive management of the supply chain is therefore fundamental to providing an efficient and effective procurement services to the organisation. (Cooke and Williams 2009) The contractor should be given the whole responsibility for the procurement of all material under the contract and a T.P.I (Third party Inspection by Individual body Trust) must be considered to achieve the best quality of material procurement. The essential point here is that the supply chain links, all the activities between suppliers and customers in a timely manner. The material will be procured at least 8 weeks before the schedule of use to maintain progress in time. Adversarial Relationship Collaborative Relationship Fragmented Lack of Process Customer Processes Customer Focus integration Satisfaction The role of SCM (supply chain Management) addressing the key problems in construction. (Fewings 2005) Cooke and Williams 2009 describes that the fast track system as a management approach aimed at the early completion of the construction phase using a combination of innovative procurement methods, industrialisation of the construction process and the use of work package contractors in order to benefits from their expertise, especially as regards their design input. The benefits of system include: Overlapping of work package both during design and construction Less duplication of effort and waste Less uncertainty and inefficiency at work package interface The use of innovative construction methods Incorporation of cutting edge technologies More emphasis on the standardisation, pre-assembly and modularisation of the construction process As a consequence, the fast-track system has the propensity to deliver completed projects in remarkable timescales. Identification and justification of relevant forms The purpose if this work is to examine the standard forms of contract most commonly used in the construction industry today. Standard forms look in at least three directions at once. One of these is towards the wider law, be it the law of contract, and be it statute law or common law, with its constant accretion arising out of decided cases. In addition all of this forms considered are entire co

Antigone †Strong and Powerful or Spoiled and Stubborn? Essay -- Antig

Antigone – Strong and Powerful or Spoiled and Stubborn? Of the tragic figures in Antigone, Creon is the most obviously evil because his motives are self-serving and his fate the worst. As the play begins, we learn that Antigone has defied Creon's royal decree by performing sacred burial rites for her exiled brother, Polyneices. Polyneices has been declared an enemy of the state by Creon. The sentence for anyone attempting to bury him is death by stoning. Creon has become King of Thebes by default, as a result of Oedipus' fate as previously predicted by the Oracle at Delphi: Oedipus murders his father and unknowingly marries his mother. Jocaste, his mother and wife and Creon's sister, commits suicide upon learning the truth. Between Oedipus' two sons, Creon sides with Etocles in his claim for Oedipus' throne and exiles Polyneices. Polyneices, in exile, raises an army against Thebes, attempting to seize the throne for himself. The two brothers fight and slay one another. Etocles is awarded an honorable burial by Creon for bravely defending the city, but Polyneices is denied any burial because of his act of treason. Denial of a ritual burial was damming and nearly sacrilegious to the ancient Greeks. Creon is enraged to discover his decree has been disobeyed. When he learns it is Antigone, his niece, he asks her if she has heard the decree. She says yes, that the decree was declared publicly and openly -- she answers that she understands the consequences. Creon further asks Antigone if she is blatantly defying him. She replies that she is answering and obeying a higher law. Creon condemns her, and in doing so violates the unspoken law of loyalty to the family. Creon's will be done! Creon: Do you want me to show m... ...th her death. Chorus: You has passed beyond human daring and come at last Into a place of stone where justice sits. I cannot tell What shape your father's guilt appears in this. Antigone: You have touched it at last: the bridal bed Unspeakable, horror of son and mother mingling: Their crime, infection of all our family! Your marriage strikes from the grace to murder mine. I have been a stranger here in my own land: All my life The blasphemy of my birth has followed me. (Sophocles 4,33-44). Perhaps this self-sentencing is her noble moral cause, or the very extreme of evil indulgence in self-pity and stupidity; self absorption at the eminent loss of human life, including her own. Maybe she's just spoiled and stubborn. Works Cited Sophocles. Antigone Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Classics, 1984.

A Liberal Education Is the Best Path to a Democratic Nation

A liberal education is the best path to a democratic nation Introduction: Education has always been one of the building blocks of a nation. Indeed, the educational system in the Philippines has come a long way as different colonial periods slowly shaped its current form. Perhaps one of the greatest educational influences introduced to the Philippine archipelago is the concept of liberal education which was brought about by the Americans. Aside from liberal education, democracy was also brought about by the Americans. These two concepts then shaped the course of Philippine history and is strongly felt up to this day. Why is it significant? Since a liberal education aims at strengthening the holistic development of the individual, it creates a pool of free thinkers, and catalysts for change. In a nation where freedom is more of a need than a want, liberal education serves as uniting force for absolute freedom. Why is it argumentative? The topic is argumentative because there are other factors in shaping a country’s democracy. To say that liberal education is the BEST path to a democratic nation implies that all other factors that shape a democratic nation are non-bearing. Definition of Terms: Education- (also called learning, teaching or schooling) in the general sense is any act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character, or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately transmits its accumulated knowledge, skills, and values from one generation to another. Liberalism- (from the Latin liberalis, â€Å"of freedom†) is the belief in the importance of liberty and equal rights. Liberal Education- described as â€Å"a philosophy of education that empowers individuals with broad knowledge and transferable skills, and a stronger sense of values, ethics, and civic engagement †¦ characterized by challenging encounters with important issues, and more a way of studying than a specific course or field of study† (Association of American Colleges and Universities) Democracy- is a form of government in which all people have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Ideally, this includes equal (and more or less direct) participation in the proposal, development and passage of legislation into law. It can also encompass social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of political self-determination. Hypothesis: 1. Can liberal education be considered as a social equalizer? 2. Will liberal education sustain development and long-term economic progress? 3. How would liberal thinkers contribute to the betterment of our nation? Sub-thesis: 1. Liberal education is the greatest social equalizer. 1. 1Education as the balance wheel of the social machinery. History shows us that with strong mentors and a solid education, even someone without a privileged background can transform their destiny. Beyond the positive global ripple effect that education offers, there are also many personal gains to be made. And that’s where liberalism in education comes in; it serves as a guide in order for individuals to make the right choices not only in consideration to their personal gains but also for the betterment of the whole society. 1. 2Effect on Cohesion of Societies By exposing students to a wide range of differing views and encouraging them to make connections across different disciplines and cultures, we would hope that liberal education promotes tolerance and understanding of others. Liberal education can also foster a sense of community and of working together to achieve goals. And by broadening and deepening knowledge of history, the arts, and the sciences, it nurtures both pride in one's own culture and respect for others. 1. 3 Increased Social Participation Strong leaders help move countries forward, but an informed and engaged citizenry can often serve as a necessary and constructive counterbalance to the power of leaders. By spreading knowledge and increasing debate, broadening liberal education away from elite groups will tend to lead to a more involved citizenry. 2. A liberal education is capable of sustaining development and long-term economic progress. 2. 1On Economy We think that business leaders are more likely to innovate when they have been stimulated by the broad range of studies that typically comprise liberal education. For developing economies, such innovation can mean moving into new, more productive fields, and adapting technologies developed elsewhere to create new jobs, and reduce poverty at home. Liberal education, which encourages people to question and challenge conventional thinking and practices, can be an important catalyst for increasing an economy's fluidity. . Liberal thinkers will profusely contribute to the betterment of our nation. 3. 1On Policy-Making There is no standard recipe for reaching development goals, but much of the evidence we have suggests that good governance, good macroeconomic management, attention to education and health, and integration into the world economy are useful ingredients. All of these instru ments of development (some of which–like health and education–are goals in themselves) require generalist as well as specialist knowledge and skills. . 2On Reducing Brain Drain Students who have an opportunity to receive a well-designed, broad-based education in their own countries are more likely to pursue their studies at home and avoid the cost of going abroad. A related benefit derived from the fact that a liberal education promotes a culture of lifelong learning, which abets the development of a vibrant intellectual culture and encourages professionals trained in other countries to work in their own country, for that country's benefit. Conclusion: By teaching students how to think rather than what to think, and how to learn rather than what to learn, a liberal education produces graduates who are better able to adapt and respond to the demands of a fast-changing economic and social environment. In consideration to all statements and proofs above, we believe that it is necessary to acknowledge the role United State’s played in the realization of the benefits of a liberal education in the progression and growth of a democratic country. By establishing the University of the Philippines through Act No. 870 of the First Philippine Legislation, the United States imparted to us this important segment of higher education that from then up to now is continuously producing liberal idealists that helps in progressing not only our economy but also our national identity. Sources: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Liberal_education http://www. aacu. org/leap/what_is_liberal_education. cfm http://www. aacu. org/liberaleducation/le-wi03/l e-wi03feature2. cfm http://judymontero9. com/2009/03/12/judy-to-dreamers-education-is-the-great-equalizer/

7 Great Websites for Writers

7 Great Websites for Writers 7 Great Websites for Writers 7 Great Websites for Writers By Mark Nichol From usual suspects to obscure gems, from grammar guides to usage resources, here are some websites of great value to writers: 1. Amazon.com You may have heard of this website a good place, I understand, to find books (or anything else manufactured). But what I appreciate even more is the â€Å"Search inside this book† link under the image of the book cover on most pages in the Books section. No longer does one need to own a book or go to a bookstore or a library to thumb through it in search of that name or bon mot or expression you can’t quite remember. And even if you do have access to the book in question, it’s easier to search online (assuming you have a keyword in mind that’s proximal in location or locution to your evasive prey) than to try to remember on what part of what page in what part of the book you remember seeing something last week or last month or years ago. And then, of course, there are the site’s â€Å"Frequently Bought Together† and â€Å"Customers Who Bought This Item Also Bought† features but the book search can be a writer’s salvation. 2. Banned for Life Newspaper editor Tom Mangan’s site lists reader contributions of clichà ©s and redundancies. 3. The Chicago Manual of Style Online My review on this site of The Chicago Manual of Style notes that buying the bulky book, despite its abundance of useful information, is overkill for writers (but not editors), but editorial professionals of all kinds will benefit from the CMOS website’s Style QA feature, which responds authoritatively, sensibly, and often humorously to visitors’ queries. 4. GrammarBook.com The late Jane Straus, author of The Blue Book on Grammar and Punctuation, created this site to promote her book, but it also features many simple grammar lessons (with quizzes), as well as video lessons, an e-newsletter, and blog entries that discuss various grammar topics. 5. The Phrase Finder A useful key to proverbs, phrases from the Bible and Shakespeare, nautical expressions, and American idiom (the site originates in the United Kingdom), plus a feature called â€Å"Famous Last Words† and, for about $50 a year, subscription to a phrase thesaurus. (Subscribers include many well-known media companies and other businesses as well as universities.) 6. The Vocabula Review The Principal Web Destination for Anyone Interested in Words and Language Essays about language and usage; $25 per year by email, $35 for the print version. 7. The Word Detective Words and Language in a Humorous Vein on the Web Since 1995 This online version of Evan Morris’s newspaper column of the same name (some were also published in the book The Word Detective) features humorous QA entries about word origins. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Does [sic] Mean?Using the Active Voice to Strengthen Your WritingShow, Don't Tell

French Revolution4 essays

French Revolution4 essays By the end of 1971, Europe was preparing to witness the end of a seemingly triumphant revolution in France. The country was restructuring its government in a forceful and bloodless manner, while the tyrant King Louis the XVI agreed to the demands of the masses (albeit without much choice). However, due to the fanatical aspirations of men such as Danton, Marat and Robespierre,it would be only a matter of months before the moderate stage of social and political reform was transformed into a radical phase of barbaric and violent force. In their quest for freedom, equality and fraternity, the leaders of the Jacobins inadvertently turned the revolution into an oligarchic dictatorship that threatened to destroy all that was achieved in the previous two years of insurrection. The revolution took a sharp turn on August 9th, 1792. The Municipal government was overthrown in Paris and a Commune was established by the leaders of the radical forces. During this time there were continual food riots erupting in every area of the country and, with the threat of war against Austria and Prussia looming, it was vital that order was to be maintained during such tumultuous times. Although the constitution was already enshrined and the citizens had their freedom and liberties, there was still plenty of public dissent and disapproval as to whether or not these laws would help create a new government and prevent the country from breaking apart. The people had come this far and were not prepared to watch their efforts lead to failure or the restoration of an absolute monarch. As a result, the radical forces were able to gain the support of the citizens in declaring that the constitution of 1791 was ineffective and useless since it did not suit the needs of ALL the population of France. Moderate forces preferred to concentrate on the foreign affairs of "new" France, b...

Comprehensive Study Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Comprehensive Study Project - Essay Example Consequently, a wealth of literature exists on the benefits and risks of improving sustainability, and the decisive responsibility of facilities management to influence balance between ecological preservation, social equity and contributing positively to the economy. But because facilities management is an expansive interrelation of phases from construction into dilapidation, opportunities of sustainability are plenty. Benefits of sustainable facilities management present in reduced water consumption, energy use and fewer emissions that contribute to climate change. Optimization of resource consumption and increased value opens the plethora of social, ecological, and financial benefits. The application of sustainability in buildings enhances in value by 8-10 times the operational savings as presented in the journals of Cooper (2002), : A management tool for occupant fit out "comprises of core components to define the aims and objectives for the research paper of Technology, Engineering and the Environment. The terms of reference for analyzing the relationship between Sustainability and Facilities management for Occupant fit out: This research focuses on critical success factors and its effectiveness on the facilities management of the organizations. Deductive approach assists in designing the research framework based on literature review and existing theory to derive a conclusion. TThe research design enables researchers to find solutions to research problems through passing the various phases of research - collecting, analysing and interpreting observations (Nachmias and Nachmias, 1996). The research design needs to address data collection process. The correct understanding of the research problem is necessary for finding the required solutions (Ghauri, Grnhaug and Kristianslund, 1995). Research can follow the three approaches from exploratory, descriptive and causal methods. Exploratory research explores the boundaries of the environment with respect to the problems, opportunities or situations of concern for identifying related and relevant variables to the research project (Talaq, 2004). Descriptive research also provides a correct and valid representation of the selected variables from exploratory research. Causal research approach is instrumental in establishing causal link between these variables (Talaq, 2004). For the purpose of

Journal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 21

Journal - Assignment Example A utilitarianism approach will focus on the benefit of the larger group. Here attention will be given to the benefit of many rather than a few and the employees will be treated in a fair manner. Here the greater good of the customers will be considered and managed accordingly. Also, the resources will be used to help for the benefit of many. Finally, in terms of Care Ethics, here the focus is on relationships, vulnerability and empathy. The focus of this approach will be on the emotional aspects of the relationship with little or no attention to more serious elements which can impact the overall growth of the company or the customers. The three kinds of punishments for corporations are clearly, corrective advertising, community service order, and corporate death punishment. Corrective advertising refers to the need for the company to make a public announcement to disclose to the public the mistakes made and the possible issues that arise from the mistakes. Community service order is clearly a means to help make immoral organizations more in sync with the needs of the society and here the punishment is forced until the desired goals are not met. Finally, in terms of corporate death punishment, here the businesses are forced to go out of business by means of revocation of corporate charter. Ethics and morals are the same for every individual and corporation in society. Irrespective of what the organization feels or how the organization responds, it is clearly incorrect and unfair that individuals are treated differently than organizations, especially in the case of unethical or immoral behavior. Hence it is important that the same levels of punishment are given to both individuals as well as