Why One Should Never Make An Important Decision Alone

There are many things that can be done by people who make an important decision in group. However, some people like to make an important decision alone. This condition may lead to some undesirable results. I agree that an important decision should never be made alone. Therefore, this essay shall explore some reasons why a person should never make an important decision alone. First of all, it is essential to make an important decision with others. As we all know, people need to consider about others’ opinion to make a right decision. For example, owner of a big company usually holds a meeting to discuss the problem of their company.This circumstances can help the owner to make a right decision how to tackle the problem of the company. The other reason is that making an important decision alone can sometimes be done without calculation. As a result, this may lead to a catastrophic result. For instance, there are some companies went bankrupt because the owner did not take othersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ opinion about their decision. For this reason, other people can help us not to make a reckless decision that may lead to our own miscarriage. Finally, making an important decision with others can help to minimize the risk of making mistakes.Furthermore, it can help to lighten the burden of the people who are in charge of making an important decision. For example, there are always more than one judge in a court to ensure that there would not be an error in making a decision. In a nutshell, it is clear that a person should never make an important decision alone. In my opinion, an important decision should be made with a full consideration as it is extremely risky. For this reason, we need to discuss our decision with others. By doing it right, one can take an important decision without a full risk.

Goals After Graduation

It's a day to look back and acknowledge the success throughout the year's. Graduation and receiving your diploma is the key to success. Graduates should have a goal in mind of what they want to do with their future. My goal for when I graduate is, to continue my education through college and earn my degree as a medical assistant. The Medical assistant field is always high in demand. And It's one of the top paying field's.I think In order for you to enjoy work you have to find something you are comfortable doing. When setting a goal you have to keep In mind that you have to try to do whatever Is In your hands to achieve that goal. Earning my degree to become a Medical assistant Is my goal because I love helping others. And the fact well paying field Is a plus. Being that I have 5 children and I want the bets for them. I would love to be able to help my husband provide for our children's dally needs.And I know with the help and support of my husband and children I will be able to achie ve my goal of finishing college and earning my degree as a Medical assistant. I know that reaching my goal of earning my degree will take lots of patience and perseverance from my part. But hey nobody said it would be easel Setting goals for after graduating is very important so you can have an I idea of what you want to do with your future. Graduating is already an achieved goal that we all set when we first enter grade school.And that is one of life's most important goal, graduating high school. In conclusion, making goals for after graduating is very important because it helps you have a better planned future. Goals are hard to achieve but are very important in life. Don't let anyone stop you from achieving your goal. Don't matter how old you are with patience and perseverance you will accomplish your goal. I know I will do my best to achieve my goal to earn my degree for Medical assistant.

Investment and portfolio analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Investment and portfolio analysis - Essay Example On the contrary, Sharpe ratio refers to a measure of risk adjustment measure that utilizes standard deviation when computing portfolio returns and inherent risk associated with a particular portfolio (Ctaff, 2012). Empirical research asserts that if Sharpe ratio is higher it implies returns are better. Therefore, by utilizing standard deviation, Sharp ratio assumes that the relevant risk is total risk unlike Treynor ratio which assumes that the relevant risk is systematic (Ctaff, 2012). Both Treyon and Sharpe ratios are similar; however, the two measures differ in terms of how they determine of risk volatility. Whereby, Treyon ration utilizes beta while Sharp ratio tend to utilize standard deviation (Anric, 2013). Information ratio measures the ability of corporate managers to utilize skills/ luck to generate excess returns beyond the established benchmark. This ratio utilizes alpha elements as well as standard deviation to measure volatilities associated with a particular portfolio (Reilly and Brown, 2012). Therefore, information ratio assumes that the relevant risk is total where both systematic and unsystematic risks are combined (Harkins, 2012). Jensen alpha refers to a measure of portfolio returns predicted using capital asset pricing model. In addition, Jensen’s alpha assumes that relevant risk is systematic (Bacon, 2013). On the other hand, Sortino ratio refers to a ratio that helps to determine the difference between good and bad risk in sharp ratio. This ratio tends to be similar with Sharp ratio. However, it utilizes downward deviation making it slight different from sharp ratio. This ratio measures return that can be derived during volatility whereby, standard deviation may be utilized. Therefore, Sortino ratio assumes that relevant risk it total (Feibel and Vincent, 2011). 2. Discuss whether the present value of cash flow approach and the relative valuation approach to security valuation can be considered to be competitive or complementary. T he present value approach may utilize discount rate to discount cash flows generated by a particular project to determine their value. Additionally, the present value approach may be utilized in making valuations of different assets such as shares, real estate properties and even bonds (Feibel & Vincent, 2011). Whereby, a negative net present value indicates that a project may not be profitable. In addition, a positive net present value implies that a project may be profitable and therefore, such project should not be undertaken because it will expose the company at a greater risk. On the other hand, relative valuation approach focuses at valuing company stocks with those of company own historical method of valuation. In addition, relative valuation tends to compare company’s stocks with the market value of other similar assets to determine whether they can be suitable for investments (Feibel and Vincent, 2011). This means that similar stocks of a particular company should be compared with those stocks of companies operating in the same market. However, relative valuation approaches have some limitations. For example, all companies may not utilize the same corporate strategies and hence, great discrepancies may exist between companies (Feibel and Vince

Operating management 222 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operating management 222 - Assignment Example This is the reason behind the need for a new floor design by the Hubcafe. Introduction This is a critical analysis of requisite operation management aspects that will improve the quality of services, efficiency and overall sales volume of the Hub cafe. It is important to note that operation management is a cardinal tool for overseeing various activities and making informed decisions concerning resources allocation based on priority with the aim of maximizing efficiency and minimizing cost. In this case, the management needs to put several factors into consideration when drawing the best plan that would see the cafe improve its efficiency and meet the high demand of customers (Raturi & Evans,2005). This would include the concept of queuing which significantly affects the rate of service delivery to the customers and overall performance of the staff (Meachem, 2005). It is important to make a good floor plan that would increase the space of service and cut o the cost of maintenance and this explains the need for an efficiency based structural design of the interior part of the Hub cafe (Moe, 2010). Being an eating point, the number of clients arriving will significantly depend on the time of the day such that peak and off-peak will definitely apply. The floor plans are two for kitchen and the shop with an aim of regulating the smooth flow of service delivery, easy accommodation at peak period, efficient management of queues and general visual impression of the interior design of the cafe. Aim of the project The increasing pressure from customer demands and threat of competition from other business operators compels the management to undertake reforms and improve several aspects of the cafe‘s performance. This project is therefore focused on effecting structural changes in terms of interior design of the kitchen and shop so that movement of staff, clients and peak factors are taken into consideration (Baraban & Durocher, 2010). This would work towards attaini ng customer satisfaction and improved quality of the Hubcafe services delivery. This plan will equally set precedence for future changes within the organizational culture of best quality services with highest efficiency by the Hubcafe. Present operations The Hub cafe is a eating point where several foods and snacks are served for 12hours. It offers both take-away products and has a space to accommodate customers who wish to take their meals within. The mode of service is self-service and this means there is queuing and several staff is assigned different counters from cash payment point to actual product delivery counters. There is another group of the kitchen department who has the defining responsibility of ensuring constant production and supply of the various foodstuffs. Another group of staff are on the lookout and stands by to attend the customers in the event of any urgent need or additional purchase. The reception point is located at the entrance for minor enquiries pertaini ng to variety of services and products on offer to reduce the time cost of information search within the cafe. Depending on the time of the day, the number of staff on various service counters is altered to ensure efficiency and cost effectiveness. Challenges The current interior design is in line with a floor plan which is relatively strained to accommodate the larger customer number at the peak hours. This

TV Series Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

TV Series - Research Paper Example However, these days, there are various services that would allow that individual to watch any episodes they missed, including the DVR. The DVR allows individuals to record a program, which they can watch at a later time. The availability to services like Netflix, Hulu Plus and Amazon which provide similar features, also contribute to this lack of urgency. In a brief description, a television program is a segment of content intended for broadcast on television; the United States uses an audience measurement system developed by the Nielsen Company, in an effort to determine the size of the audience and the arrangement of television programming. This decline in television ratings affects the life span of the shows themselves. I always pondered the question of how a TV show makes money, and then I read an article about TV Commercials which are a span of television programming produced and paid for by an organization, which conveys a message, usually to advertise a product or service. From what I understood companies look at TV ratings to see if they have something to gain from advertising within the specific TV program. This research is worth a lot of money. Advertising companies pay to air their advertisements on TV programs using the information interpreted from Nielsens figures. Network executives also use Nielsens figures to see if scheduling decisions are paying off or not. Just because a show has millions of viewers don’t always mean that it is successful, it may make it popular to certain crowds but in order to be a financial success it needs to be above the network average and stable. Thats why some shows with a steadfast fan base still get canceled (How TV ratings work). In 2011 Comcast, the No. 1 cable company has launched their on-demand podium Xfinity TV on Demand, in an effort to compete against DirecTV and Netflix making Comcast the only pay TV provider to offer recent episodes from existing shows from all the

Animal rights. What rights should animals have Essay

Animal rights. What rights should animals have - Essay Example In this concept, it is illegal to use animals in any way that makes them feel pain, suffer or even die. It tries to explain to human beings that it is not a right practice to violate these rights. The concept was started in 1975 by Peter Singer in a book entitled animal liberation. It came to being after the birth of American Society for the prevention of cruelty of animals. Animal rights have been enforced in several parts of the world today. For instance, in Germany, it was voted and included in the constitution that was in the parliament’s house. The vote was aimed at adding a simple clause in the constitution to change the way in which people treated animals in that country. It is the first country in Europe to accept constitutionally the fact that animals had some rights like fair treatment and good feeding. The same has been followed in several other continents in the world and have led to a fairer treatment of all animals with a court penalty owing to the violation ther eof as discussed by CNN (2012). According to Lafollette (n.d), there are boundaries about animals that human beings should strive not to cross as opposed to treating animals in the way one pleases. It is not legitimate to mistreat animals even though they have no voice to rise. In this culture that we are living in today, animals are used as a main source of food, clothes, and research on drugs and to test the vulnerability of some appliances at home. All these can only be realized when the animal is dead or involves inflicting pain to the animal. Animals have a right against overcrowding. This implies that an animal has a right to enough space during its lifespan. This has not been followed especially by farmers who keep them for profit. Animals also have rights to enough movement. Due to the limitations of space, animals are confided in one place leading to less feeding and poor movement. For instance, chicken are overcrowded in little battery cages. The more crowded the animals a re, the more likely they are to attack each other and cause injury to one another. In an opinion, Lafollette (n. d) adds that people should use more of vegetables to reduce the killing of animals for food. Many people hold an opinion that animals do not feel pain and has led to the killing of many animals for not only food but also for scientific research and testing. When a dog is hit by a stray vehicle, the way it convulses, bleeds, and yelps is a sure proof that animals feel pain. The same way, a cat reacts even at the small attempt to step on its tail is another proof of sensitivity of their nervous system. It becomes controversial at times because there is need for nutrients in humans that can only be found in animals and the experiments that are done on animals is vital for human survival. As noted by Lin (2012), there are some myths that people hold about animal rights activists. One of these myths is that activist are more fond of animals than human beings. This is not the c ase anyway. Caring about animals does not render them more important than human beings. This is the reason as to why most animal activists are involved in humanitarian rights like hunger, poverty, sweatshops, feminism and other civil rights. Another myth is about leather materials compared to fur clothes and shoes. This is because fur can be obtained without necessarily killing the animal, but to get leather the animal has to be killed to get the skin of that animal. According to Buzzle (2012), animal rights activists are faced with the headache of controlling the rate at which animals are killed or injured. They have worked to make known their reputation just like politicians and celebrities. They

Women and men are encouraged to behave according to specific gender Essay

Women and men are encouraged to behave according to specific gender patterns, critically discuss this assertion by reporting on evidence from your collected sou - Essay Example Typically, men hold positions of power even in democracies. Only 14 percent of the countries have achieved 30 percent representation of women in the parliament, as set out in the Beijing Declaration on Women in 1995. Women have less access to and control of economic powers, rewarded for less remuneration than men for the same work, treated differently in global trade. Women receive less education than men; have to walk long distances to collect drinking water in poorer countries, thereby falling vulnerable to violence; sexual and reproductive health problems result in illness and disability to women; more number of women being victims of HIV/AIDS because of restrictions on women being able to practice safe sex and having access to HIV testing and care services; women become victims of gender-based violence and cultural taboos. On the whole, the mainstreaming of gender has generally failed because the approach towards 'integrating' women in the society does not challenge existing powe r equations. Women have continued to be offered stereotyped jobs, not receiving equal training and education and insufficient resources for women's mainstreaming (Oxfam). With globalization, the traditional economic relationships, including gender relationships, are crumbling down. The classical patriarchy, dependent on the male property ownership and family headship notion, had given rise to the urban "fordist gender regime" - male bread earner/ female house maker - in the western world in the 1950s and 1960s, also duplicated in some parts of the developing world. Economic development and increased competition has meant that the male salary earnings are not sufficient for the increasing consumption patterns. Brenner (2003) notes that incorporation of women in the workforce and their increased access to education and literacy has brought feminism in the forefront of organized politics (cited in Dhawan, p2). Women activists are not increasingly becoming more vocal in national politics but also on global issues. At the same time, marginalized women are becoming even more vulnerable to global capital reorganization. Worldwide, women are facing the brunt of longer working hours, impoverishment, economic insecurity and forced migration and urbanization. Working class women find themselves in the crossroad of development and reactionary policy and continue to remain, if not become increasingly so, victims of fundamentalism, economic insecurity and a complex web of power relations (Kaplan, 1999, cited in Dhawan, p3). Pressures of structural adjustments imposed on many Third World countries have given rise to fundamentalism, which stem from the traditional patriarchal powers and victimize women even more. The emerging capitalist structures of many of these societies have eroded the protection of the traditional patriarchy that women used to have earlier. Women in the Third World are at the crosshead of two powerful forces: one, the nationalist agenda that is inherently masculine in which women are expected to follow traditional roles while the men are free to participate in the political arena, and two, global capital, which forces wom en to participate in the economic field, overpowering the nationalist agenda. While in the west, women of color feel that the feminist agenda is essentially white-oriented, in the Third World, the political interests of working class women are marginalized. Over and above this, women from the

Varieties of Judgment in the Critique of Pure Reason Assignment

Varieties of Judgment in the Critique of Pure Reason - Assignment Example As a result, while synthetic judgments are informative, they must be justified by referring to external or outside principles. On this theme, Kant begins by supposing that both Hume and Leibniz had not properly between the two distinct forms of judgment and that, in fact, they had made only one distinction, which was the difference between uninformative truths on the basis of pure reason and factual matters on the basis of sensory experience (Kant 37). Kant argues that the two distinctions were not wholly coextensive; also stating that all four combinations that are logically possible should be taken into consideration. The first combination, analytic a posteriori judgments, is not logical because one does not need to use experience in order to support an assertion that is purely explicative. Secondly, synthetic a posteriori judgments would be considered as generally uncontroversial facts that humans come to know of because of their sensory experience (Kant & Hatfield 45). Thirdly, analytic a priori judgments are those that are necessarily true because they include all straightforward definitions and merely logical truths. Finally, synthetic a priori judgments can be considered as the most crucial case from Kant’s arguments, specifically because they can only provide necessarily true new information.

Structural engineering Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Structural engineering - Research Paper Example Large man-made objects ranging from vehicles to cranes and furniture to medical equipment all require the input of structural engineers in order to ascertain their safety and reliability. Structural engineers are involved in every stage of realization of a structure, playing a key role in design and construction teams. They work together with architects along with other professions to create conceptual designs and ascertain that the structure to be built is both stable and durable. The structures built should be stiff enough to not deflect beyond acceptable limits through vibrations, and also be able to stable and strong enough to resist all structural loads like wind, gravity, rain, snow and seismic earthquakes. By using structural analysis, structural engineers understand the effects of loads or stresses as caused by gravity, the users of structures, and the various climatic and ground conditions around the world. Structural loads are external forces which are capable of compromising a structure. Another important aspect of a structural engineer’s work is choosing the right materials for building a structure. The material for construction may be steel, reinforced concrete or steel-concrete. The choice of material is influenced by the function of the structure, intended time of use, and environmental impact of using the material. There are some structures constructed for a limited period of use, for instance, off-shore platforms built to facilitate exploration beyond the shores and have to be demolished once the explorations are complete. Such structures have to be strong enough to withstand water, yet be affordable during demolition. Structural engineering also accommodates fun in the learning and practicing stage. During training, engineers should travel and visit interesting structures or construction sites, and consciously see and analyze such structures (Milne, 2010). Such background training exposes the young engineers to buildings of

Directive analysis of what to do in the evnt of a disatser that is Essay

Directive analysis of what to do in the evnt of a disatser that is possibly due to global warming, such as a hurricane - Essay Example Preparing for a hurricane before it arrives involves making an emergency plan and getting together the important supplies. The first step is to see what your insurance covers and see if any adjustments are needed in the policy. Many valuables, like cars, are damaged so it is best to make sure that all costly belongings are insured. Also, have an evacuation plan and map out the closest escape routes that will take you and your family away from the danger zone. Have emergency family or friend contact numbers and decide beforehand where to go in case of an evacuation. This also involves organizing a list of the absolute necessary items to take along to avoid confusion and panic when a storm does hit. It is also important to locate the safest room or area of the house, preferably on the lower level, if the need arises to stay inside rather than evacuating. After a plan has been set up, it is now important to get the supplies and disaster kit ready. Make a list of the items needed such as a first aid kit, non-perishable food items, water, blankets, medication, hand crank powered radio, batteries and flashlights (Henthorn 2011). It is essential to secure all the important documents in water proof bags or containers. Make sure to have a sufficient amount of cash at home and do not wait till the last minute to fill up your vehicle with gas. Also get together plywood or shutters and the required tools to board up windows and doors if hurricane warnings are close. If your budget allows, have a back up generator in case of power outages and electricity failure. Be knowledgeable about any weather changes and continue to listen to the news about updates. This will help you and your family make any necessary adjustments to the plan and gathered supplies. Knowing what to do during a hurricane is just as important as planning for it. If staying inside, seek protection in the safest area of the house and keep yourself and your family away from windows and glass doors. Make sure to turn off all heavy duty appliances, like refrigerators and microwaves, to minimize damage. Do not go out to check on the hurricane even if it seems calm, because there can still be flying debris and rapidly increasing winds (Henthorn 2011). Through out the storm continue to communicate with your family in order to engage in a normal activity and help with any feelings of fear and panic. Also, keep on listening to the radio to be informed of any changes taking place. If the need arises to evacuate, try to turn off all utilities and appliances, gather only the necessary items and follow the proper evacuation routes. Remember that during a hurricane it is important to stay calm and ensure the safety of your loved ones. It is equally critical to be precautious after a hurricane because injuries can still be sustained even if the storm has passed. Do not leave the house in order to check on the damage done until a clear sign is given by the authorities. Avoid coming into contact with puddles, loose wires and smashed trees (Henthorn 2011). Try to use your phones for emergency purposes only, reporting broken gas or water pipes, and unstable power lines. If power had to be restored, carefully go about the house checking on food and other items, staying clear of electrical appliances and wires. In the

The Wife of Bath is the rapist knight herself Essay Example for Free

The Wife of Bath is the rapist knight herself Essay She still praises him and speaks of the abuse inflicted on her very matter-of-factly. As difficult as it may be to swallow, could it be that she is an example of a woman who merely wants the illusion of having control while she is really the one who is controlled? It is not to say that women dont want power. We just dont want all of the power. After taking another one of his beatings, she made her fifth husband feel so guilty that he relinquished all of his assets. Therefore, there was a cessation of power which perhaps implies to the reader that her husband may now be less desirable to her, since she has now defeated and conquered him. After this encounter, we do not hear much more of the fifth husband. Why is that? Is it because theres nothing left to tell now that she controls him? We arent even told how this marriage ends whether he died or they separated. Of tongue and fist, indeed of all hed got. I made him burn that book upon the spot. And when Id mastered him, and out of deadlock. Secured myself the sovereignty of wedlock. For ages, women have begged men to be more eager to listen and indulge us in our thoughts and desires. However, we tend to become bored with these men. Though the two latter marriages dont seem successful, the reader can see the transition between husbands from ones that were simple and easily tames to the ones that were more difficult and harder to control. She is finding it harder to find a husband, now that she feels weakened, by what she considers the natural flaw of aging I wont prevent him! Ill have a husband yet. So now she needs to assert herself, using some other way to demonstrate her power. She doesnt really have the things that she describes as important, except for what she has superficially attainted through past marriages. You say that some desire us for our wealth, Some for our shapeliness, our looks, our health, Some for our singing, others for our dancing, Some for our gentleness and dalliant glancing, And some because our hands are soft and small; But your account the devil gets us all. Though in her tale she brings out her point that women want dominance over a man in marriage, there are flaws to her story telling. The nominal hero in the tale is a rapist. The word rape is often promoted by the Wife of Bath throughout her tale. The king in the Wifes tale represents authority and would have inflicted the punishment of death on the knight. The queen on the other hand would have preferred the knight to also be raped, an eye for an eye. Out of context, it can be seen that the Wife of Bath is the rapist knight herself. Since the story is her own, her traits can be seen through the different characters. The Wife of Bath is interchangeable. She can be the knight who conquers the woman and who is also blinded by the false importance of age and beauty. Having created the knight and the theme of rape, she becomes a perpetual self-rapist. She could be the woman who is overtaken by the knights sexuality and strength, a sign of her sexual weakness. She could be the queen who is set upon this man learning that woman want/need control. Or even more so, we can see her as the hag who conquers the man and wins the power in the relationship. There is a gentle irony in the Wifes tale. Her story is of the antifeminist clichi that all women in their hearts desire to have control but also subconsciously want to be raped.

Main Forces Driving the Market of Gas Essay Example for Free

Main Forces Driving the Market of Gas Essay In this assignment, I am required to write an analysis of the main forces driving the market for any specific product of my choice. For me to successfully complete this task, I have to first pick a product, one that I am interested in, discuss the long term forces driving demand and supply, discuss the position of the main substitute products and producers, look at past data and explain what has occurred to change the price and finally will the producer be profitable in the future?I have chosen Natural Gas. Natural gas is a vital component of the worlds supply of energy. It is one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful of all energy sources. Despite its importance, however, there are many misconceptions about natural gas. For instance, the word gas itself has a variety of different uses, and meanings. When we fuel our car, we put gas in it. However, the gasoline that goes into your vehicle, while a fossil fuel itself, is very different from natural gas. The gas in the common barbecue is actually propane, which, while closely associated and commonly found in natural gas, is not really natural gas itself. While commonly grouped in with other fossil fuels and sources of energy, there are many characteristics of natural gas that make it unique. Long-Term forces driving Supply Demand Demand for natural gas has traditionally been high. Demand for natural gas depends on the time of year, and changes from season to season. In the past, demand for natural gas has been relatively straightforward: demand was highest during the coldest months of winter and lowest during the warmest months of summer. The main driver for this natural gas demand is the need for residential and commercial heating. This has resulted in demand for natural gas spiking in January and February, and dipping during the months of July and August. While requirements for natural gas heating decrease during the summer months, demand for space cooling increases during this warmer season. Electricity provides the primary source of energy for residential and commercial cooling requirements, leading to an increase in demand for electricity. Because natural gas is used to generate a large portion of electricity, increased electrical demand often means increased natural gas demand. This results in a smaller spike in natural gas demand during the warmest months of the year. Thus, natural gas demand experiences its most pronounced increase in the coldest months, but as the use of natural gas for the generation of electricity increases, the magnitude of the smaller summer peak in demand for natural gas is expected to become more pronounced. In general, there are two primary drivers that determine the demand for natural gas in the short term. These include: †¢Weather as mentioned, natural gas demand typically peaks during the coldest months and tapers off during the warmest months, with a slight increase during the summer to meet the demands of electric generators. The weather during any particular season can affect this cyclical demand for natural gas. The colder the weather during the winter, the more pronounced will be the winter peak. Conversely, a warm winter may result in a less noticeable winter peak. An extremely hot winter can result in even greater cooling demands, which in turn can result in increased summer demand for natural gas. †¢Fuel Switching supply and demand in the marketplace determine the short term price for natural gas. However, this can work in reverse as well. The price of natural gas can, for certain consumers, affect its demand. This is particularly true for those consumers who have the capacity to switch the fuel upon which they rely. While most residential and commercial customers rely solely on natural gas to meet many of their energy requirements, some industrial and electric generation consumers have the capacity to switch between fuels. For instance, during a period of extremely high natural gas prices, many electric generators may switch from using natural gas to using cheaper coal, thus decreasing the demand for natural gas. Changes in Technology Technological innovation has equipped the industry with the equipment and practices necessary to continually increase the production of natural gas to meet rising demand. These technologies serve to make the exploration and production of natural gas more efficient, safe, and environmentally friendly. According to a Department of Energy Report, â€Å"Environmental Benefits of Advanced Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Technology,† released in 1999 and still one of the most in-depth analyses available as of 2012: †¢22,000 fewer wells are needed on an annual basis to develop the same amount of oil and gas reserves as were developed in 1985. †¢Had technology remained constant since 1985, it would take two wells to produce the same amount of oil and natural gas as one 1985 well. However, advances in technology mean that one well today can produce two times as much as a single 1985 well. †¢Drilling wastes have decreased by as much as 148 million barrels due to increased well productivity and fewer wells. †¢The drilling footprint of well pads has decreased by as much as 70% due to advanced drilling technology, which is extremely useful for drilling in sensitive areas. †¢By using modular drilling rigs and slimehole drilling, the size and weight of drilling rigs can be reduced by up to 75% over traditional drilling rigs, reducing their surface impact. †¢Had technology, and thus drilling footprints, remained at 1985 levels, todays drilling footprints would take up an additional 17,000 acres of land. †¢New exploration techniques and vibrational sources mean less reliance on explosives, reducing the impact of exploration on the environment. Market structure The structure of the natural gas industry has changed dramatically since the mid-1980’s. In the past, the structure of the natural gas industry was simple, with limited flexibility and few options for natural gas delivery. Exploration and production companies explored and drilled for natural gas, selling their product at the wellhead to large transportation pipelines. These pipelines transported the natural gas, selling it to local distribution utilities, which in turn distributed and sold that gas to its customers. The prices for which producers could sell natural gas to transportation pipelines was federally regulated, as was the price at which pipelines could sell to local distribution companies. Competitors Change of price Prices of natural gas vary throughout Europe. One of the main objectives of the projected single EU energy market is a common pricing structure for gas products. Europes main natural gas supplier is Russia. Since the major pipelines pass through Ukraine there is an ever arising dispute on the supply and transition prices between Ukraine and Russia. During the negotiations in 2008 Ukraine proposed that the price of natural gas for Ukraine should increase by $21.5 to $201 per 1,000 cubic meters, and the transit fee by $0.3 to $2 per 1,000 cubic meters pumped 100 kilometres (62 mi). Gazprom proposed that Naftohaz should buy its natural gas at $250 per 1,000 cubic meters starting from 2009. Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin said that the $250 per 1000 cubic meters price was a humanitarian gesture to Ukraine considering that Russia buys gas from Central Asia for $340 and that the European price level is $500 per 1000 cubic meters. Later, Naftohaz said it was ready to pay $235. Negotiations between Gazprom and Naftohaz were interrupted on 31 December 2008. While Gazprom claimed that Naftohaz would not negotiate, Ukraine said that the negotiations were interrupted at Gazproms initiative. Three Future Trends in Natural Gas Prices Prices will rise due to three major trends, causing a demand increase to meet this oversupply†¦ †¢Trend #1: Utility Customers Lining Up While the natural gas producers are bemoaning the lower prices, electric utilities are lining up to buy. Nearly every new plant to come online in 2010 and 2011 uses natural gas as its primary source of fuel. Historically, the only power plants that used natural gas as a fuel were peaking plants. Those are generators that utilities turn on only during peak times of energy use. Theyre expensive to run, and utilities pay top dollar for the natural gas they use. More recently, utilities are converting old, dirty coal-fired power plants to run on much cleaner burning natural gas. These are big, base load power plants, online all the time. That allows utilities to negotiate long-term lower priced contracts for the gas they burn. †¢Trend #2: The Growing Aversion to Nuclear Power Ever since Three Mile Island and Chernobyl, nuclear power has been on the back burner in the United States. The newest (and only) plant under construction by Southern Company doesnt have an operating license yet, and probably wont go online for at least a decade. After the Fukushima disaster in Japan, plans for new nuclear power plants were either shelved or delayed all over the world. While Japan rebuilds, its relying heavily on natural gas and other fossil fuels. Meanwhile, countries around the world are reassessing nuclear power plant safety. Germany announced its getting completely out of nuclear by 2022. And New York Governor Cuomo is adamant about shutting down the Indian Point nuclear plant, just north of New York City. All this generation capacity will have to be replaced by other sources, and natural gas is the fuel of choice. †¢Trend #3: The LNG Shortage Nearly every gas import terminal in the country (there are nine of them) applied for permits to install natural gas liquefaction plants. The reason? The demand for natural gas is booming just about everywhere else in the world. Qatar, the worlds largest exporter of natural gas, will soon hit its full annual export capacity of 77 million tons, in the face of global demand that can absorb nearly as much as the world can produce. In the wake of the multiple disasters in Japan, its importing an additional four million tons over the next year from Qatar. Its in negotiations to purchase even more. Future prospects of natural gas According to current projections we have a maximum of 50 years’ worth of petroleum reserves left. That means that in the next five decades our lives may change dramatically. We will no longer have one of the most important resources responsible for the industrialization and modernization of our global society. We have relied on it to run our ships and airplanes, heat our homes, fuel our cars, carpet our floors, clothe our bodies, brush our teeth, and wax our surfboards. In short, thousands of industrial, domestic, and recreational petroleum applications may not be possible in the coming century. Now that we are dependent on this finite resource in every realm of life, we may soon have to relinquish it. Clean energy from renewable sources like the wind, sun and ocean waves, while promising, are likely to take several years before they reach a critical mass. An alternative for investors to consider is natural gas. Yes, natural gas is a fossil fuel, but it does offer the advantage of having a cleaner reputation than oil. Will natural gas be profitable? Yes. There are many factors in which shows that Natural Gas is a profitable product, for example, it is an ever-growing product, one that is hardly used. One might say the transporting of Natural Gas is very expensive. The best way to improve the problem of natural gas oversupply is to increase its export. The most economical way to export natural gas is to liquefy it; this type of natural gas is called LNG. In its liquid state natural gas takes up 1/600 of its normal volume, making it ideal for export. In conclusion, I have successfully analysed the main forces driving the market for any specific product of my choice, which I chose Natural Gas.

Crisis Of Governance In Pakistan Politics Essay

Crisis Of Governance In Pakistan Politics Essay The concept of governance is as old as human civilization. The word governance has its origin in Greek and it means to steer. In simple words the governance is the process of decision making and the process by which it is implemented (or not implemented). Good governance means that the affairs of the state are managed honestly, with every system in place, where merit is never ignored, rules are meticulously followed and where everyone is equal before law. This could only be achieved if public institutions are strong, independent and responsive to the sentiments of the public. Governance is generally conceived as the exercise of economic, political and administrative authority to improve the quality of life of the people. Governance is a continuous process where divergent opinions and desires are satisfied through compromise and tolerance in a spirit of cooperative action for the mutual benefit of the masses. The basic objective of good governance is to improve the quality of life of people, to ensure that their needs are met equitably. Politics is about the creation and distribution of power among organizations, tribes, communities or society at large. Governance is the mechanism, which controls the relationship between the two extremes the governed and the governors. The political process lies at the core of governance and this can be said to be efficient only if elections are free and fair, the elected are accountable, whereas authority is divided between the legislature, the bureaucracy and the judiciary with decentralization of power. 1.2 Why did I select this topic? Although there are a number of studies on the subject, yet they are generalized in nature and only a few researches have been made relevant to Pakistan. Therefore, emphasis of thesis would be on crisis of governance in Pakistan with special reference to the alien perception (to me, a misperception) of as a failed state because of its bad or misgovernance and its legal aspects. It will include the current situation, its causes and effects, its socio-economic and strategic aspect, the plight of common man and the causality between bad governance and incapacities of the state apparatus responsible for public service delivery and criminal justice system, as well as prospects of course of correction through reforms and institution building. For the preparation of this paper, numbers of research articles, journals and books written by national and international researchers and authors, and different case laws of the apex courts have been consulted. The concept of governance and crisis of governance have been discussed at length in these write-ups. Since the concept of governance in Pakistan has very recently gained focus, there are a few studies on this subject, available in public libraries. Some of the significant studies are briefly reviewed here. The Crisis of Governance and Human Development in South Asia  [2]  explains some of the main crisis of governance in South Asia, its causes and suggests ways to eradicate them. Panandiker has explained the main problems faced by the South Asian countries specially India and Pakistan relating to governance system  [3]  . Ehsan Niaz has discussed cultural aspect of the country right from 1947 and its affects upon governance. He has also explained the role of civil soci ety, politicians and bureaucracy to solve the problems of governance  [4]  . Jan Mohammad Dawood has explained the role and function of superior judiciary in the politics of Pakistan  [5]  . These views will be discussed with special reference to Pakistan. 1.3 Hypothesis/Research Question? Root cause of the crisis of governance in Pakistan is the failure on the part of our successive governments who did not focus their attention on institutional development. Instead, they weakened, corrupted and politicized the existing institutions to an extent that they have become almost non-functional. Research Questions What are the root causes of crisis of governance in Pakistan? What is good Governance and absence of it in Pakistan? Is the state willing to restrict itself to the sovereign functions and to restructure and reform the institutions of governance? What are the controls over Governance? How governance can be improved in Pakistan? 1.4 Scheme of the thesis The research has been divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 is introductory which explains the whole paper with its national and international context, its importance and objects etc. Chapter 2 explains how Pakistan has been facing governance problems right from its beginning. These problems were due to many reasons such as incompetent civil bureaucracy, frequent military interventions, incompetent politicians, lack of accountability system, and non independent judiciary. All these problems have not allowed to flourish Pakistan to become a developed state irrespective of that it has been blessed with both human and natural resources. Chapter 3 deals with the consequences of bad governance and problem of governance. Chapter 4 deals with the role of civil society, judiciary, media and other state building institutions. Chapter 5 deals with the conclusion and recommendations to improve the good governance. Pakistan has faced governance problem right from its very beginning. While most of the comparable countries of Asia which have prospered, started from a comparable low initial level of socio-economic conditions, but have over the period of several decades, created much more sound and stable social conditions. Even India has managed to come out of the classic image of low performance and governance ills, while Pakistan deteriorates on a continuing basis, despite claims of good performance and success. 1.5 Statement of the Problem Problems of governance have been endemic in our country ever since the unfortunate death of the father of the nation, Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah, only a year after the creation of Pakistan. Problems of governance seem to emanate from the unholy alliance between the then so-called political elite and the bureaucrats involved in politics. 4 This state of affairs has adversely affected the quality of life of over 180 million people of this country, making their life and liberty miserable. This situation warrants an in-depth study of the causes and their effects on lives and liberties of our people to establish objective face of current crisis of governance and the prospects of reforms and institutions building. 1.6 INTRODUCTION TO GOOD GOVERNANCE Recently the terms governance and good governance are being increasingly used in modern literature. Bad governance is being increasingly regarded as one of the root causes of all evil within our societies. Major donors and international financial institutions are increasingly making their aid and loans depending on the condition that such reforms should be made that ensure good governance. Following paragraphs will try to explain, as simply as possible, what governance and good governance means. 1.7 Governance Meanings of governance: The World Bank defines governance as; The exercise of political authority and the use of institutional resources to manage societys problems and affairs. 6 An alternate definition suggests that governance is; The use of institutions, structures of authority and even collaboration to allocate resources and coordinate or control activity in society or the economy. English-speakers sometimes erroneously confuse the term governance with the term government. 6 David Bigman oxford publication ed:2011 The exercise of political authority and the use of institutional resources, p.1 5 According to the UNDPs Regional Project on Local Governance for Latin America: Governance has been defined as the rules of the political system to solve conflicts between actors and adopt decision (legality). It has also been used to describe the proper functioning of institutions and theft acceptance by the public (legitimacy), and it has been used to invoke the efficacy of government and the achievement of consensus by democratic means (participation). The concept of governance is not new, it is as old as human civilization. Simply put governance means: the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). Governance can be used in several contexts such as corporate governance, international governance, national governance and local governance7. Since governance is the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented, an analysis of governance focuses on the formal and informal actors involved in decision-making and implementing the decisions made by the formal and informal structures that have been set in place to arrive at and implement the decision. Government is one of the actors in governance. Other actors involved in governance vary depending on the level of government that is under discussion. In rural areas, for example, other actors may include influential landlords, associations of peasant farmers, cooperatives, NGOs, research institutes, religious leaders, finance institutions, political parties and the military etc. The situation in urban areas is much more complex. 7. Khan, Hamid Carvan publication ed: March 4th 2004 Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan, p.1 6 At the national level, in addition to the above actors, media, lobbyists, international donors, multi-national corporations, etc., may play a role in decision-making or in influencing the decision-making process. All actors other than government and the military are grouped together as part of the civil society. In some countries in addition to the civil society, organized crime syndicates also influence decision-making, particularly in urban areas and at the national level. . Similarly formal government structures are one means by which decisions are arrived at and implemented. At the national level, informal decision-making structures, such as kitchen cabinets or informal advisors may exist. In urban areas, organized crime syndicates such as the Land Mafia may influence decision-making. In some rural areas locally powerful families may make or influence decision-making. Such, informal decision- making is often the result of corrupt practices or leads to corrupt practices. 8 1.8 Good Governance Good governance has eight major characteristics. It is participatory consensus oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective, efficient, equitable, inclusive and follows the rule of law. It assures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account and that the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. It is also responsive to the present and future needs of society. 9 8 http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/gg/governance.asp accessed on 23rd October 2012 9 Ibid. 7 1.8.1 Participation is key cornerstone of good governance Participation by both men and women is a key cornerstone of good governance. Participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. It is important to point out that representative democracy does not necessarily mean that the concerns of the most vulnerable in society would be taken into consideration in decision-making. Participation needs to be informed and organized. This means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand. 10 1.8.2 Rule of Law Good governance requires fair legal frameworks that are enforced impartially. It also requires full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities. Impartial enforcement of laws requires an independent judiciary and an impartial and incorruptible police force. The rule of law is the principle that governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written, publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure. The principle is intended to be a safeguard against arbitrary governance. In continental European legal thinking, rule of law is associated with a Rechtsstaat. According to Anglo-American thinking, hallmarks of adherence to the rule of law commonly include a clear separation of powers, legal certainty the principle of legitimate expectation and equality of all before the law.11 10. G.W.Chaudhary Oxford publications Ed:2007 Constitutional Development in Pakistan, p.180 11. Sir Henry Wheeler, Report of the Government of India Secretariat Committee, ( Delhi: Government of India Press, 1937), p.1 8 Some authors, as J. Shklar, claims that the phrase the Rule of Law has become meaningless due to ideological abuse and general over-use. Samuel Rutherford was one of the first modem authors to give the principle theoretical foundations in Lex, Rex (1644), and later Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws (1748). Rule of law is opposed by authoritarian and totalitarian states. The explicit policy of those governments, as evidenced in the Night and Fog decrees of Nazi Germany, is that the government possesses the inherent authority to act purely on its own volition and without being subject to any checks or limitations. Dictatorships generally establish secret police forces, which are not accountable to established laws, which can suppress threats to state authority. 12 Critiques on rule of law The rule of law, i.e., the application of the body of law to the government, does not restrict the government in any way since any desired government privilege can be made by the government into a legal provision. The rule of law should be seen as a bureaucratic hope for the government to jump through, rather than as a material restriction on government power. This criticism is though mostly relevant where the principle of the separation of powers is not respected (i.e., where the legislative power and the executive power the government-are held by the same body). When the government is not also the legislative body, the principle of the rule of law may hold. Another critique is that the principle of legal equality can be easily subverted since many laws affect different people in different ways. 12. Rowland Egger, Pub: Karachi: The Inter-Services Press, 1953 The Improvement of Public Administration in Pakistan; p.10 9 A law giving the legislators a raise, for example, affects the legislators in a different way than it affects the rest of the public. But since such laws are not necessarily made in accordance with the rule of law, it remains unclear if this criticism is really aimed at the principle of the rule of law itself rather than to actual legislatures. Marxist theory analyzed the capitalist state as an instrument of oppression of the people at the hands of the bourgeoisie, which set the laws to suit it. Following this, some critical theorists analyze the rule of law as a judicial fiction which aims at disguising the reality of violence and, in Marxist terminology class struggle. This theory presumes that the bourgeoisie holds the power to set the laws13. The Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben argues that the state of exception is at the core of the concept of sovereignty, and not the rule of law as liberal thinkers have it. While the sovereign claims to follow the rule of law, any protection the people have, however fundamental, can be thrown away once the government finds it convenient to do so.14 1.8.3 Transparency Transparency means that decisions taken and their enforcement are done in a manner that follows rules and regulations. It also means that information is freely available and directly accessible to those who will be affected by such decisions and their enforcement. It also means that enough information is provided and that it is provided in easily understandable forms and media. 13. Rowland Egger, Pub: Karachi: The Inter-Services Press, 1953 The Improvement of Public Administration in Pakistan; p.18 14. Rowland Egger, Pub: Karachi: The Inter-Services Press, 1953 The Improvement of Public Administration in Pakistan; p.10 10 1.8.4 Responsiveness Good governance requires that institutions and processes try to serve all stakeholders within a reasonable timeframe. 1.8.5 Consensus oriented society There are several actors and as many view points in a given society. Good governance requires mediation of the different interests in society to reach a broad consensus in society on what is in the best interest of the whole community and how this can be achieved. It also requires a broad and long-term perspective on what is needed for sustainable human development and how to achieve the goals of such development. This can only result from an understanding of the historical, cultural and social contexts of a given society or community15. 1.8.6 Equity and Inclusiveness A societys well-being depends on ensuring that all its members feel that they have a stake in it and do not feel excluded from the mainstream of society. This requires all groups, but particularly the most vulnerable, have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. 1.8.7 Effective and efficient administration Good governance means that processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of society while making the best use of resources at their disposal. The concept of efficiency in the context of good governance also covers the sustainable use of natural resources and the protection of the environment. 16 15. Syed Mujawar Hussain Shah, Pub: West view Press, Ed: 1995 Religion and Politics in Pakistan, p.68 16. Ibid 11 1.8.8 Accountability Accountability is a key requirement of good governance. Not only public institutions but also the private sector and civil society organizations must be accountable to the public and to their institutional stakeholders. Who is accountable to who varies depending on whether decisions or actions taken are internal or external to an organization or institution. In general an organization or an institution is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions or actions. Accountability cannot be enforced without transparency and the rule of law17. Now it should be clear that good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality. Very few countries and societies have come close to achieving good governance in its totality. However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal with the aim of making it a reality. 1.9 Good governance: an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its totality However, to ensure sustainable human development, actions must be taken to work towards this ideal. Major donors and international financial institutions, like the IMF or World Bank, are increasingly basing their aid and loans on the condition that those reforms ensuring good governance are undertaken13. 1.10 What does Good Governance Ensures? Governance ensures that corruption is minimized, the views of minorities are taken into account, and the voices of the most vulnerable in society are heard in decision-making. 17. Dr. Rafique Ahmad, Pub: Asia Publishing House, 1964 Pakistan: Political History, p.102 12 It also makes certain, the participation by both men and women, participation could be either direct or through legitimate intermediate institutions or representatives. Participation also means freedom of association and expression on the one hand and an organized civil society on the other hand, other factors that good governance guarantees are full protection of human rights, particularly those of minorities, independent judiciary, an impartial and incorruptible police force. 1.11 International Pledges: Through United Nations Convention against corruption in its resolution 55/61, the General Assembly recognized that an effective international legal instrument against corruption, independent of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime was desirable. The text of the Convention was negotiated during seven sessions held between 21 January 2002 and 1 October 2003. The Convention was adopted by the General Assembly on 31 October 2003, and Pakistan is signatory of it. 18 18. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CAC/ accessed on 26th October 2012 13 CHAPTER 2 PROBLEMS OF GOVERNANCE IN PAKISTAN Pakistan inherited a well functioning structure of judiciary, civil service and military but a relatively weak legislative oversight at the time of its independence. Over time the domination of civil service and military in the affairs of the state disrupted the evolution of the democratic political processes and further weakened the legislative organ of the state. The judicial arm, with a few exceptions, clump along to purify the dominant role of the military and the civil service. 2.1 Constitutional Aspects Criterion of governance, as provided in the Constitution of Pakistan, 1973 is incorporated in the following articles. Article 4 of the constitution guarantees rule of law in Pakistan and it makes Government duty bound to deal with the rights of the individuals in accordance with law, it is to be noted that the article uses the word in accordance with law not in accordance with the law which means the framer of the Constitution wished to give this rule of law clause a wider scope rather than to be limited to some specified laws. Articles 8 to 28 provided in the Constitution are not only rights provided to the citizen but auto-limitations in these rights also provide guiding principles to the Government to go for Good Governance remaining within the auto limits of these Fundamental Rights. For instance in Benazir Bhutto vs. Federation of Pakistan19 it was held that the Constitution has provided auto-limitations, or in-built restraints, on the exercise of the Fundamental Rights guaranteed the Constitution. 19. PLD 1988 SC 416 14 Such auto-limitations or inbuilt restraints not only provide protection to the rights themselves, but also further the interest of social solidarity, sought to be achieved by the makers of the Constitution. Articles 78 to 88, and Articles 118 to 127 and Articles 160 to 171 provides practical procedure for the Financial Governance of the Government both at the Federal and Provincial level, the exact follow-up of the procedure results in Good Financial Governance. 2.2 Kinds of governance in Pakistan. Governance by Federal Government The Constitution provides Articles 90 to 100 for the Federal Governance for Federal Government. Governance by Provincial Government The Constitution provides Articles 129 to 140 for the Provincial Governance for Provincial Government. III- Governance by Local Government The Constitution provides Articles 140/A for the Local Body Governance for Local Government. 2.3 Conflict of Governance and their Constitutional Solutions: The conflict of governance and their solution are dealt in Articles 141 to 144, and article 143 especially deals with Federal, Provincial and District governance Article 152/A, and articles 153 to 159 also provide means to resolve conflict of governance. Here the council of common interest is worth mentioning. It also provides a plane to resolve conflict of Governance amount Federal and Provincial Governments. 15 The Council of Common Interest is a vital constitutional body. Its main object is to care for the common interest of all the provinces. It is the best tool available to resolve the differences, problems and disputes between the Provinces and the Federation. It regulates the policies in relation to the matters in Part II of the Federal Legislative list. The limits of the Council of Common Interest can be understood by the following Case Law. Shamsuddin Qurashi Vs. Finance Member, Railway Board20 It was held that functions of the Council of Common Interests is to formulate and regulate policies with regard to the matters relating to the affairs of the Federation. It has nothing to do with power of the Parliament to legislate or the executive authority of the Federal Government to deal with the employees of the Federal Government. 2.4 The Quran as a Guide line for Good Governance read with Article 227 of the Constitution of Pakistan 1973: O ye who believe! Stand out firmly for Qist (justice), as witnesses to God, even as against yourselves, or your parents, or your kin, and whether it be (against) rich or poor: for Allah can best protect both. Follow not the lusts {of your hearts), lest ye swerve, and if ye distort (justice) or decline to do justice, verily Allah is well acquainted with all that ye do. [4/135] And O my people! Give measure and weight in Qist (justice) and reduce not the things that are due to the people, and do not commit mischief in the land causing corruption. [Prophet Shoaib (PBUH) to the people of Madyan 11:85] 20. 1980 PLC (C.S) 207 16 2.5 Civil Bureaucracy and Governance Civil Service in Pakistan is a permanent institution and has to be above party politics. Bureaucracy as a whole remains unchanged with the change of political governments barring transfers with the Ministries / Departments. The history of bureaucracy is not up to the mark, the years in which an elected civilian executive exercised control over bureaucracy. Later on the civilian bureaucracy more or less dominated at all levels of governance. After that the military bureaucracy assumed more or less direct command of all policy making. Then there were years when nobody was really in charge. In terms of performance, the period between 1947 to 1969 was probably the best. Pakistan overcame severe initial challenges and embarked upon an impressive modernization program. The Ayubs regime was better in terms of the countrys economic conditions but bureaucracy take over the key positions of the country which mostly proved to be corrupt and they adversely affected the governance of the country2 1. During the Zia era, bureaucracy was little comfortable with him and a marginal recovery of the conditions of service brought some stabilization in civil service. Bureaucracy was in line with government but it totally failed to provide justice, fair play and merit to the people of Pakistan. In both Benazir and Nawaz Sharif era bureaucracy was fully involved in politics and merit was totally ignored, Corruption was at its peak. As mostly bureaucrats were incompetent so they failed to deliver good governance in the country. During post 1999 era, bureaucracy was the worst hit segment of state apparatus. Musharraf in pursuit of perpetuation of his illegitimate rule tried to bulldoze anything and everything that he thought may hinder his adventure for power. 21. Panandiker, Sudha publishers Ed: 2009 Problems of Governance in South Asia, p 212-213 17 By introducing PCO judges in superior judiciary, he involved his military in routine administrative matters ranging from collection of electricity bills to managing state owned public enterprises. He introduced the Devolution of Power Plan 2000, doing away with the centuries old time-tested administrative service, without realizing its adverse consequences. Placing the civil bureaucracy subordinate to a local government representative namely Nazim of the district was an attempt to put the cart before the horse, which did not work22. 2.6 Frequent Military Interventions From the ancient centers of civilizations in China, Egypt, India and Persia to the classical Hellenic and Roman empires, feudal domains, medieval aristocracies and more recent enlightened despotisms of Europe, it was the sword that dominated the spirit18. It shows that whenever military interfered in the civil government, it has destroyed the whole system of governance the same holds truth for Pakistan. Military has interfered the country many times, much to the destruction of whole democratic system and governance. It has never allowed the state building institutions to flourish so that they could help to maintain good governance in the country. Had military not frequently intervened in the internal administration of the country, we would have a fully developed system of administration in the country and we would have not faced the governance problem. Once the military acquainted itself with the taste of political power, the entire fabric of the constitutional development came crashing down. 23 22. Ilhan Niaz, Karachi: Oxford University Press, Ed: 2010, The Culture of Power and Governance of Pakistan p138-141 23 Ibid 18 Due to clash of legitimacy and prudence, Pakistan has been trapped in a cycle of instability with the military and civilian political leadership destabilizing each other24. The age old Doctrine of necessity has paved the way for military for martial laws. The history of these doctrines can be traced in following cases. Dosso Vs. Federation of Pakistan25, In Dossos case (1958), the Pakistan Supreme Court used jurist Hans Kelsens theory that a revolution can be justified when the basic norm underlying a Constitution disappears and a new system is put in its place. Molvi Tamiz-ud-din Khan Case26, in Molvi Tamizuddin Khan case, the Supreme Court headed by Chief Justice Mohammad Munir backed Governor General Ghulam Mohammads action to dissolve the first Constitutional Assembly. This judgement of the Supreme Court is always strongly criticized by all democratic parties of Pakistan and is referred to as a root-cause of unstable democracy in Pakistan. Nusrat Bhutto Vs. Chief of Army staff and Federation of Pakistan27 On November 10, 1977 the Supreme Court unanimously validated the imposition of the martial law, under the doctrine of necessity. The law of necessity recognized and upheld by Pakistans highest judicial body, has proved an honorable protection for military adventure in civil government. 24. Shahrukh Rafi Khan, Fozia Sadik Khan and Aasim Sajjad Akhtar, Initiating Devolution for Service Delivery in Pakistan: Ignoring the Power Structure (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007), 4 25. PLD 1958 SC 533 26. PLD 1955 F.C 24 27. PLD 1977 SC 657 19 2.7 End of Doctrine of Necessity in Pakistan a good sign for governance in Pakistan In PCO Judges case on July 31, 2009, the full bench of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, decided once and for all that the doctrine of necessity is absolutely inapplicable in Pakistan and such precedent can never be cited in

Cornelius Eadys Brutal Imagination Essay -- Cornelius Eady Poetry Bru

Cornelius Eady's Brutal Imagination While most fictional characters are given a voice with which to express themselves, that voice usually does not stray beyond their realm of fiction and therefore is restricted from the power of the real world. The imaginary black man that Susan Smith falsely claimed had abducted her children in 1994, however, existed in reality in the minds of the American public for nine days until the truth surfaced about her infanticide. Cornelius Eady’s poetry cycle, Brutal Imagination, serves to give that imaginary black man (hereafter referred to as Zero), a voice that draws power from his simultaneous existence in both the real and fictional realms. Zero’s voice serves to explain a variety of aspects of his existence, including assertions of his own innocence, criticisms of Susan Smith, explorations of his paradoxical nature, and social commentary regarding the notions of free will versus powerful exterior forces. Zero is the product of Susan Smith’s and Cornelius Eady’s imaginations, and therefore lacks his own capacity for free will. Eady, however, allows Zero the seeming capacity for free thought and opinion, and therefore the opinions expressed by the character will hereafter be declared to be those of Zero, rather than Eady. Lucid of his lack of free will, Zero admits, â€Å"I float in forces / I can’t always control† (17). In the effort to discover what these external forces are, he feels compelled to explore his origins that caused his inception in the mind of Susan Smith. The attempt is made to explain various hypothetical examples of potential interactions that led to his ultimate creation. He assumes that at a young age, Susan was told that that â€Å"All [blacks] do... ...t actually be dead. â€Å"And here is the one good thing: / If [Zero is] alive, then so, briefly, are [the children]† (7). This abandonment of reality did not necessarily happen or may have been transient, but Zero simply maintains its existence as a possibility. Though described as â€Å"dull in his invented hide† (28) by â€Å"Uncle Tom in Heaven,† Zero is actually quite complex in his desire to articulate his ideas about his brief life with Susan and his life eternal. His complexity is compounded further by his paradoxical nature, especially his simultaneous existence as a â€Å"real† man and as a fictional product of Susan Smith’s brutal imagination. As an eternal symbol of the oppressed and abused, he could be said to maintain a symbolic reality regarding the existence of external forces acting against the oppressed, stripping them of the extent of their free will.

Buying A Computer :: essays research papers

Needs This computer would be used for mainly writing papers, surfing the Internet, a little desktop publishing, and playing some 3d sports games. Software The software I would buy would have to include a word processor, and desktop publishing program. The standard programs for this are Microsoft’s. They are Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Publisher. Using a student discount, I can get them both for under $200. (See http://www.edu.com/software/ ) I also need to decide which operating system I want. The main choices are Windows ME/2000 or an Apple Macintosh OS. (OS 9.1/X) All the important productivity software is available on both operating systems, but Windows machines have a lot more games. I would probably use Windows ME instead of 2000 because it runs older software better. I can get Windows ME for about $80 using a student discount. Hardware Since I am using Windows ME, I cannot buy an Apple. Here are the parts I need to buy to build a machine that will run my software well. I need a motherboard, processor, video card, sound card, case, monitor, memory,hard drive, floppy drive, modem, and CD or DVD drive. Some of the choices I make will determine others. For example, the processor (aka the CPU) I pick will determine what motherboard I will get. To begin— Processor There are three processors that make up the market, The Intel Pentium 4, Intel Pentium !!!, and the Amd Athlon. The Pentium is the newest, and has only been out for a few months, the Pentium !!! and Amd Athlon have been available for about two years. There are two criteria here for me. One is how fast the chip is for a given price (bang for the buck) and the second is upgradability. That is, whether I would easily be able to take out the current CPU, and easily slip something faster in when needed in a few years. The Pentium 4 will be changing to a slightly different configuration in a few months, that will not be compatible with the current motherboards. The Pentium !!! is pretty much at the end of its life, and not many upgrades are planned. This leaves the Athlon, which is expected to be selling compatibe versions for at least another year or so. Current Athlons prices are AMD Athlonâ„ ¢ Processor for Desktop  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Price 1333MHz (266MHz Front-side Bus)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $253 1300MHz (200MHz Front-side Bus)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $230 1200MHz (266MHz Front-side Bus)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $219 1200MHz (200MHz Front-side Bus)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $199 1133MHz (266MHz Front-side Bus)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  $197

The Positive Effects of the GI Bill :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Positive Effects of the GI Bill In 1944 the world was caught in one of the greatest wars of all time, World War II. The whole United States was mobilized to assist in the war effort. As history was being made overseas, as citizens learned to do without many amenities of life, and as families grieved over loved ones lost in the war, two students on BYU campus were beginning a history of their own. Chauncey and Bertha Riddle met in the summer of 1944 and seven months later were engaged to be married. Chauncey was eighteen and a half and Bertha nineteen as they knelt across the altar in the St. George temple five months after their engagement. Little did they know that in just the first years of marriage they would be involved with the effects of a significant historical event, the atomic bomb, as well as government legislation, the GI Bill, that would not only affect the course of their lives but also the course of the entire country. Chauncey and Bertha honeymooned in the Grand Canyon late in the summer of 1945. Upon returning to Cedar City, they learned the news that "the United States [had] developed this wonderful bomb and [they'd] dropped it and it hopefully [would] shorten the war greatly." The first bomb was dropped on Hiroshima on August 7, and the second on Nagasaki on August 9. The official surrender came on August 11, 1945, officially ending the bloody campaign in Japan. The climate in the country was not one of alarm, in reaction to the bomb, but of tired relief. Bertha reflected this attitude. "Those people of our generation saw how many of their friends had died in bloody combat with the Japanese so they were grateful to see it ended." The atomic bomb seemed the long-awaited answer to concluding the war quickly. The bomb was not without its controversies and consequences, however. Before it was dropped, Leo Szilard, leading scientist in the development of the bomb, "opposed it with all [his] power" (Truman 68). His close contact with the destructive weapon caused him and others to argue against its use. It didn't take long after the end of the war for scholars to assess the atom bomb and its potential in future warfare. In the Yale Review, 1946, Bernard Brodie looked in depth at its future implications and influence on the security of all nations.

Event Marketing Summit Attendees Include Essay

Event Production Manager, 206inc Director of Communications, 75 Ninth Avenue Coordinator of Sales and Marketing, 75 Ninth Avenue Partnership Marketing Manager, AAA MidAtlantic, Inc General Director, Action Marketing Country Manager, Action Marketing Costa Rica Partner, Activent Marketing Director, Global Experiential Marketing, Activision Senior Employee Communication Specialist and Event Planner, Activision Publishing Inc. Retail Experiential Marketing Manager, Activision Publishing Inc. Senior Corporate Events Manager, Adobe Marketing Events Manager, ADP Event Planner, ADP Events Marketing Manager, AdRoll Manager of Events, Adult Swim Events Coordinator, Adult Swim President, Advantage International Associate Creative Director, Advantage International Account Manager, Advantage International General Manager, Agressive Communication Director of Accounts and Business Development, AIM Marketing Solutions Director, Integrated Marketing, Alaska Airlines Conventions Planner, Alcon Global Conventions Logistics Planner, Alcon Laboratories Senior Project Manager, Events, Align Technology Vice President, All Year Sports Galaxy President, Alliance Connection, Inc. Senior Vice President, Allied Experiential Director-Sponsorships, Promotions and PR, Allstate Director-Global Event Marketing, AMD Senior Manager, Consumer Products and Services, American Express Media Consutlant/Producer, American Family Insurance Media Director, American Family Insurance Experiential Marketing Specialist, American Honda Motor Co. Manager, Experiential Marketing, American Honda Motor Co., Inc. Director, Sales & Marketing, Event & Conference Services, American Museum of Natural History Business Development Manager, Amsterdam RAI Trade Development, Amway Tradeshow Manager, AMX VP, Experiential Marketing, Anheuser-Busch Marketing Director, Anthem Blue Cross and Blue Shield Owner/Creative Director, AOO Events Events Manager, Apartments.com Events Director, Armstrong Patrnership Marketing Specialist, Audi of America Creative Director, AWESTRUCK Marketing Group President, AWESTRUCK Marketing Group President, B. Levine Productions VP, Affinity/Event Marketing, Bank of America Project Analyst, Bank of America Executive VP, Barkley Kalpak Agency Marketing Manager, Bayer Healthcare Senior Event Manager, BI WORLDWIDE Director, Global Brand Experinece, BlackRock VP, Brand Experience, BlackRock Director, Global Brand Experience, BlackRock Sampling & Events Coordinator, Blue Chip Marketing Worldwide Product Manager, BlueWater Technologies Event Marketing Manager, BNP Media Event Manager, Booking.com Account Director, BOOM! Marketing Managing Partner, Brandscopic Director, Consumer Marketing & Events, Bravo Market Leader, Britten Studios Vice President Special Events & Promotions, Caesars Entertainment Director of Special Events, Caesars Entertainment Director of Strategy & Planning, Cà ¡rdenas Marketing Network Executive Director, Strategic Corporate Events, Catalina Global Director, Event Management, Charles River Associate Director, Event Management, Charles River Head of Experiential Marketing, Chrysler Experiential Marketing, Chrysler Group LLC 2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees Include†¦ VP, Client Creative, Chute Gerdeman Director Marketing Strategy, Cisco Marketing Strategist, Cisco Manager, Program Management, Cisco Social Media Manager, Consultant, Cisco, Cisco Director of Sales, Partner Engagement and Recoginition Programs, Cisco Manager: Digital, Audience and Measurement Engagement Strategy, Cisco Principal Marketing Manager, Worldwide Marketing, Citrix VP, Sales, City Eventions Vice President, Events Marketing, City National Bank Principal, Cloudburst Advisory Group Event Director, CMD Global Digital Marketing Manager, Coca-Cola Director, Corporate Marketing, Cognizant National Account Executive, Color Reflections Las Vegas Marketing Manager, Comcast Business Mobile Experience Regional Director, Compassion International Brand Director, Constellation Wines Manager, Global Marketing, Cook Medical Senior Manager, Global Marketing, Cook Medical VP, Program Development, CPC Intersect Project Sales, Craftsmen Industries President, Marketing Services, CROSSMARK Conference Manager, Crossway Books Brand Director, Crown Imports Senior Director Marketing, CSE Senior Marketing Director, CSP Business Media Promo Director, CTC Media Vice President of Enterprise Event Marketing Sales, Cvent Creative Techologist, CXG Vice President, Sales, Czarnowski Author, Decide to Be Excellent Event Marketing Director, Dell Experiential Marketing Manager, Dell – Alienware Senior Marketing Manager, Deloitte Event Manager, Deluxe Strategic Communications Director, Deluxe VP Experiential, Deutsch Inc Partner/Vice President, Dimensional Communications Event Manager, Discover Financial Services Marketing Communications Manager, DoubleDutch Director, Multicultural Marketing, Dr Pepper Snapple Group Marketing Communications Program Manager, Eaton Corporation Marketing Manager, Edmunds.com Executive Director, EDPA VP, Account Director, EEI Global Operations Manager, Elite Marketing Group CTO, Elite Marketing Group Senior Vice President, Elite Marketing Group Account Executive, ELS Creative Director, Encatalogo CEO, Encompass Events Pvt Ltd Founder & CEO, Encore Nationwide CEO, Engine Shop Director, Engine Shop Director, Marketing Communications, Ericsson Director, Client Experiences, Escalate Sr. Program Events Manager, ESET North America CEO, eshots, Inc. Senior Manager, Brand Partnerships, Esurance Vice President of Global Marketing, etouches Business Development, Event Strategy Group CEO, EventNet USA Founder & CEO, EventPro Strategies SVP, Client Development, Eventus Vice President, Eventus CEO, Eventus Marketing LLC President, Digital Engagements, EWI Worldwide Executive Vice President, Exhibit Surveys Group CEO, Exp Group Group CMO, Exp Group Head of Strategy, Exp Nigeria Corporate Brand Consultant, ExpandaBrand Partner, Fake Love VP, Management Director, FCBX EVP, Group Management Director, FCBX Specialty Sales Manager, Featherlite, Inc. Senior Brand Manager, Pralines, Ferrero Canada Ltd Senior Manager, Global Events, FICO Director, Global Events, FICO Group Director, Fidelity Investments 2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees Include†¦ Director, First Protocol VP of Marketing and Analytics, FISH Technologies Owner/CEO, Flash Point Communications Social Media Coordinator, Flash Point Communications, LLC CEO, Flavor Group VP, Marketing and Client Development, FLIRT Communications Experiential Marketing Manager, Florida Blue Experiential Marketing Specialist, Florida Blue VP, Business Development, Fluent Marketing Manager, For Rent Media Solutions/Forrent.com Brand Content and Alliance Manager, Ford Managing Director, Forum Group Events National Account Director, Corporate Accounts, Freeman SVP, Corporate Events, Freeman President, FreemanXP CEO, G2Planet Marketing Coordinator, GEICO Corporate Marketing Coordinator, GEICO National Strategic Partnership Rep., General Growth Properties National Promotions Manager, General Motors Marketing Manager, General Motors Auto Show Manager, General Motors Experiential Marketing Manager, General Motors Auto Show Manager, General Motors Account Supervisor, Geometry Global Account Director, Geometry Global SVP, Head of North American Analytics, Geometry Global Field Director, Geometry Global EVP, Experiential Marketing, Geometry Global Creative Director, Geometry Global Executive Assistant, Geometry Global Management Supervisor, Geometry Global Account Manager, Geometry Global Field Director, Geometry Global Executive Group Director, Geometry Global Account Director, Geometry Global Account Supervisor, Geometry Global Managing Director, Geometry Global Director of Production, Geometry Global SVP, Client Services, George P Johnson Senior Strategist, Strategy and Planning, George P. Johnson Promotion & Marketing Representative, Georgia Lottery Corporation Trade Show Manager, Gerber SVP, Marketing, Global Experience Specialists Marketing Manager, Global Experience Specialists Senior Marketing Coordinator, Global Experience Specialists Marketing Communications Supervisor, GMR Marketing Director of Client Development, GMR Marketing Chief Digital Officer, GMR Marketing CEO/Cheif Creative, Go West Creative Account Manager, GO! Experience Design General Manager, GO! Experience Design Manager, Event Marketing, Gogo Air CEO, Gold N Fish Marketing Group Executive Director, GolinHarris Google, Google CEO, Group Delphi Account Executive, Group Delphi Associate Account Manager, Grow Marketing Associate Account Director, Grow Marketing Account Director/Experiential and Sponsorships, GSD&M Partnership Marketing Manager, GSMA Ltd Manager, Mobile Marketing Programs, GSMA Ltd. New Business Development, East Coast Manager, GTE Agency Senior Marketing Manager, Brand Promotion and PR, H&R Block Director of Brand Promotion and PR, H&R Block Executive Director, Business Development, Hargrove Inc Senior Account Executive, Hargrove Inc Sales Executive, Hargrove, Inc. Director, Regional & Dealer Communication, Harley-Davidson Director, Event Strategy and Execution, North America, Harley-Davidson Motor Company Sr. Coordinator Customer Experience Operations, Harley-Davidson Motor Company Account coordinator, Hawkeye 2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees Include†¦ Client Partner, hawkeye Sports & Experiential Brand Director, Sponsorships & Events, Heineken USA Brand Manager, Sponsorships & Events, Heineken USA Managing Partner, Helios Creative Services Production Resource Manager, Hello! Florida Destination Management VP, Creative Services, Hello! Florida Destination Management Senior Account Manager, Henry V Experience Designer, Henry V / Lub Dub Account Manager, Henry V Events Senior Manager, Event Marketing, Hewlett-Packard Company Writer/Producer, HGTV Manager, Hills Corp CEO, Founder, Hit Brands VP, Events Strategy and Transformation, HP Senior Director, HP SVP, Marketing and Events, HP Sr. Group Manager, Experiential Marketing, Hyundai Motor America Account Executive, i4D Events Marketing and Communications Manager, Idaho Housing and Finance Vice President, Ignition, Inc. Art Director, Illumina, Inc. Sr. Marketing Specialist, Illumina, Inc. Manager, Events, Illumina, Inc. Global Events, IMAX Corporation Assistant Manager, Global Events, IMAX Corporation New Business Development, Manager, Impact Unlimited CCO, Innova Marketing Event Marketing Program Manager, Intel Senior Consumer Marketing Manager, Intel Program Manager, Corporate Event Marketing, Intel Account Exeuctive, Interactions Marketing Senior Business Development Manager, Interactions Marketing Account Executive, Interactions Marketing Sr. Marketing Manager, InterCall Director of Product Marketing, InterCall President & CEO, International Sportsmen’s Expositions, Inc. Account Manager, InVision Communiations CEO, Co-Founder, InVision Communications Project Manager, ITA Group Manager, Event Solution Line, ITA Group Production Manager, Jack Morton Worldwide Strategy Director, Jack Morton Worldwide SVP, Senior Strategist, Jack Morton Worldwide Director of Business Development, JHE Production Group Account Manager, JMI Senior Consultant, Events & Marketing, Kaiser Permanente Manager, Event Marketing, Kaiser Permanente Manager, Programs & Design, Kaiser Permanente Director of Partnership Marketing, Karlitz & Company Chief Growth Officer, Karma411 Chief Executive Officer, Karma411 Marketing Manager, Karmasphere Group Account Director Experiential and Sponsorship, KBS+ Account Executive, Kubik Managing Director, Kubik VP, Museum Sales, Kubik Malbtbie, Inc. VP, Sales & Sponsorships, L&M Consulting SVP, Strategy & Product Management, Lanyon Promotions Supervisor, LatinWorks Account Director, LeadDog Marketing Group Inc Director Client Partnerships, LeadDog Marketing Group Inc Senior Account Executive, Legacy Marketing Partners General Manager, Legacy Marketing Partners Account Supervisor, Legacy Marketing Partners Vice President, Sales & Marketing, LEGO KidsFest Vice President, Operations, LEGO KidsFest Principal, LEO Events Senior Vice President, LEO Events Principal, LEO Events Director, Marketing Communications, Liberty Mutual Insurance CEO, LIFELAB events SVP, Chief Marketing Officer, Retirement Plan Services, Lincoln Financial Group 2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees Include†¦ Marketing Manager, Conference/Event Management, Lincoln Financial Group COO, Linder & Associates President, Linder & Associates Digital Director, Liquid 7 Digital Content House Chief Creative Strategist, Live Marketing Senior Event Supervisor, LIVE!media by Sunflower Director of Events, LIVE!media by Sunflower Marketing Manager, LIVESTRONG Foundation President, M2W Inc. Director, National Events & Partnerships, Macy’s Parade & Entertainment Group Principal, MAG Specialty Vehicles Director of Client Service, Magnet Engagement Group President, Magnet Engagement Group Partnership Account Executive, Mall of America Partnership Account Manager, Mall of America Partner & Chief Storyteller, Manifesto Partner & Chief Strategist, Manifesto Account Director, Maritz Account Director, Maritz Project Manager, Marketing Factory CEO, Marketing Factory SVP Client Service, Marketing Werks Senior Director of Operations, Marketing Werks Senior Manager, Engagement, Marketing Werks General Manager, Marketing Werks Group Account Manager, Marketing Werks Associate Director, Marketing Werks Group Account Manager, Client Service, Marketing Werks Account Supervisor, match action VP, Development, match action VP, Accounts, match action VP, Event Marketing, Match.com VP, Public Relations and Digital Communications, Maybelline F2F Channel Manager, mbna Sports Marketing Manager, mbna Division President, MC2 SVP, Experience Design Director, MC2 Creative Director, MC2 SVP, Client Service, MC2 Senior Vice President Client Service, MC2 Client Director, MCI UK Head of Live Experience, MCI UK Sales and Marketing Coordinator, McNaughton-McKay Electric Co. Senior Brand Manager, Mentos Head of Brand Experience Marketing, Mercedes-Benz CEO, Method Models VP, Hotel Sales, MGM Grand Hotel & Casino VP, Sales, MGM Grand Hotel/Casino Sr. National Sales Manager, MGM Grand Hotel/Casino Product Marketing Manager, Microsoft Global Event Marketing, Microsoft Senior Events & Digital Marketing Manager, Microsoft Digital Marketing Manager, Microsoft Senior Director, Worldwide Partner Events, Microsoft General Manager, Worldwide Events, Microsoft Director of Operations, Milligan Events Principal, Milligan Events Director of Business Development, Milligan Events VP Marketing and Social/Digital Strategy, Moderne Communications, Inc. President, Moderne Communications, Inc. President, Mosaic Experiential Marketing Senior Account Executive, Moss Events VP, Operations & Strategy, Motive CEO, Creative Director, Motive Events & Sponsorship Manager, Moz Account Director, PR/social influence, MULLEN Manager, National Basketball Association Director of Consumer Marketing and Media Strategy, National Geographic Channel Associate Manager, Consumer Marketing and Media Strategy, National Geographic Channels Senior Director Marketing, NBC Sports Vice President, Ncompass International Account Manager, Ncompass International Co-Founder, Ncompass International Account Manager, Ncompass International Account Coordinator, Ncompass International Brand Activation Manager, Neo Media & Marketing Limited 2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees Include†¦ Managing Director/CEO, Neo Media & Marketing Limited Business Analyst, Neo Media & Marketing Limited Director, Nestle Marketing Service Director, Nestle Marketing Events Coordinator, New York Central Mutual Account Executive, Next Marketing Director of Strategy, Next Marketing CEO/President, Next Marketing Marketing Coordinator, North Highland Account Executive, Nth Degree Account Director, Nth Degree VP, Automotive Brand Experiences, Nth Degree Senior Vice President, Octagon President, Octanorm USA President, On Board Experiential Marketing President, One Stop Interactive EVP, Marketing & Strategic Development, Opus Events Agency COO, Opus Events Agency EVP Creative Director, Opus Events Agency EVP, Event Strategy & Design, Opus Events Agency EVP, Global Accounts, Opus Events Agency President, Opus Events Agency VP, Marketing, Oracle Managing Director/CEO, Oracle Experience Limited Business Development, Oracle Nigeria Brand Activation Management, Oracle Nigeria Creative Consultant, Oracle Nigeria Senior Director, Global Initiatives, PayPal Managing Creative Director, PBJS Vice President, PBJS COO, PBJS Senior Manager, Brand Marketing, Peet’s Coffee & Tea Senior Brand Director, Pepsi Senior Director of Cultural Branding, Pepsi VP, Business Development/Operations, Performance Marketing Group, inc. Executive Director, Corporate Accounts/Motorsports, Performance Marketing Group, inc. Director, Motorsports Marketing, Performance Marketing Group, inc. Experiential Producer, Periscope Senior Experiential Designer, Periscope Director of Marketing and Communications, Philips Global Director, Marketing Communications, Philips Healthcare Director, New Business Development, Pinnacle Exhibits, Inc. VP, Operations, Plan C Agency Director of Sales, Plannernet Sr. Research Manager, PortMA Field Marketing Manager, Preferred Brands International ~ Tasty Bite VP, Partnership Marketing, PREIT Malls Senior Manager, Partnership Marketing, PREIT Malls President, Premiere Transportation Business Development, Production Glue National Account Manager-Event Marketing, Productions Plus-The Talent Shop President, ProExhibits President and Lead Staffer, Professional Staffer Services VP, Program Development, Professional Staffer Services Sr. Marketing Manager, Project: WorldWide SVP, Marketing and Communications, Project: WorldWide Event Coordinator, Promega Corporation Executive Producer, Proscenium CFO, Proscenium Chief Creative Officer, Proscenium Managing Director, Proscenium Senior Brand Manager, PRUSA Events Manager, PRUSA Director of Product and Channel Marketing, QuickMobile Partner, Executive Creative Director, Rally Marketing Group Partner, Integration & Development, Rally Marketing Group President, Ravenchase Adventures Global Director of PR, Razer Senior VP, Red Light Management Senior Program Manager, RedPeg Marketing Director, B2B Strategy, Regence BlueCross BlueShield 2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees Include†¦ Event Manager, Regence BlueCross BlueShield Director, Remezcla CEO, Remezcla Director, Remezcla VP-Marketing, Remy Cointreau Author, Resilience: Why Things Bounce Back VP, rEvolution COO, RMD Group Inc. Account Supervisor, Roberts Communications Account Executive, Roberts Communications Director of Sales, Rock-It Cargo Author, Romancing the Brand: How Brands Create Strong, Intimate Relationships with Consumers CEO, Sales Generators Executive Vice President, Sales Generators Director, Business Development, Sandra Arnold Inc. GM Events – Pers, SAP Senior Director, Global Events, SAP GM Events – Pers, SAP VP, Global Events, SAP CEO/CCO, School Marketing Coordinator, Scripps Networks Interactive – HGTV & DIY Network Director Global Marketing, SEMI Director, Shared Experiences Executive Director, Business Development, ShowTec, Inc. COO, Showtime Group AVP, Business Development, Simon Property Group/Simon Brand Ventures Director of Marketing Communications & Services, Skyline Exhibits Author, Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect Partner, Soho Experiential Director of Business Develoment and Strategic Partnerships, SoHo Experiential Partner, Soho Experiential Marketing Manager, Solar Energy Trade Shows, LLC Executive VP, Solutions at Fluent VP, Branding & Professional Services, Sonic VP, Strategic Accounts, Sparks Global Director of Event Marketing, Spotify Senior Marketing Product Manager, Events, SQE Director of Business Development, Staging Solutions, Inc. CEO, Star Strategy Director, Stretch Experiential Marketing Shows and Events Manager, Subaru of America CEO, Switch SVP, Switch: Liberate Your Brand VP, Marketing, Talking Rain Beverage Co. Sponsorship Specialist, Tauben Company Manager, Mall Media, Taubman Senior Manager, The Event Group, TD Ameritrade Director, The Event Group, TD Ameritrade VP, Events Management and Executive Conference Centers, TD Bank VP & Events Manager, TD Bank Account Director, TEAM Enterprises Account Supervisor, TEAM Enterprises VP/Partner, TEAM Enterprises Account Supervisor, Experiential & Relationship Marketing, Team One Strategic Analyst, Team One Account Executive, Experiential & Relationship Marketing, Team One Management Supervisor, Experiential & Relationship Marketing, Team One Event Manager, The Boeing Company Customer & Market Engagement Specialist, The Boeing Company Sr. Field & Experiential Marketing Manager, The Coca-Cola Company Director, Field & Experiential Marketing Center of Excellence, The Coca-Cola Company VP, Marketing, The Cosmopolitan Resort & Casino President, The Event Shop VP, Corporate Communications, The Expo Group Vice President, The Expo Group Co-Founder, The Hype Agency Director of Activations, The Hype Agency Marketing and Promotions Coordinator, The Law Society of Upper Canada Partnered Events Coordinator, The LIVESTRONG Foundation Account Director, The Marketing Store Author, The Myths of Creativity Operations Manager, The Participation Agency Director of Business Development, The 2014 Event Marketing Summit Attendees Include†¦ Sunflower Group President/CEO, The Trade Group Technical Associate, Thinkwell Group Account Director, This Is Fusion Program Manager, This Is Fusion Account Executive, This Is Fusion Marketing Manager, thomson reuters Conference Director, thomson reuters Conference Manager, thomson reuters CEO, Thrive line, Inc. CCO, THUMP / VICE CEO, Thuzi Project Director, Touch Worldwide Managing Partner, Touch Worldwide Director of Strategy/Senior Producer, Touch Worldwide CEO, Touchdown Marketing President, Track Marketing Group VP, Consumer Engagement, TrojanOne Senior Manager, Consumer Engagement, TrojanOne Project Manager, Turtle Transit Commander, U.S. Air Force Partner, Undercurrent, LLC Senior Manager, Media & Business Development, United Airlines Event Markerting Manager, Universal Technical Institute Senior Director of Consumer Products, Univision Communications, Inc Director of Experiential Marketing, Univision Communications, Inc National Sales Director, Upstage Video Director of Event Marketing and Communications, USANA Health Sciences Director, Business Development, Van Wagner Communications VP, Events and Sponsorship, VAVi Sport and Social Club – Sport and Social Industry Association Associate Director of Sales, VDA Productions Account Executive, VEE Corporation Executive Director, National Retail Operations, Verizon Associate Director, Store Design, Verizon Marketing, Sponsorships & Events, Verizon Marketing Manager, Sponsorships & Events, Verizon Head of Innovations & CS, INS, Viacom Director, Marketing, Viacom Director Live, Viacom Eccount Manager, Visage Advertisinf Limited VP, Global Connections, Vivastream Director, New Business Development, VWV Client Services Manager, VWV USA Director, New Business Development, VWV USA Director, Client Services, Wasserman Media Group Senior Director, Operations, Wasserman Media Group Senior Vice President, Wasserman Media Group Vice President, Wasserman Media Group Vice President, Webb Audio Visual President, Webb Audio Visual Experiential marketing Consultant, Wells Fargo Marketing Manager, Wells Fargo Sponsorship Activation Manager, Wells Fargo Assistant Vice President, Wells Fargo Creative Services Manager, Western & Southern Director of Creative Services, Western & Southern Senior Corporate Communications Specialist, Western & Southern Manager, Sponsorship, Community Investment & Experiential Marketing, WestJet Airlines Team Lead, Sponsorship & Experiential Marketing, WestJet Airlines Manager, Sponsorship, WestJet Airlines Team Lead, Sponsorship, WestJet Airlines Director, Experiential Events, World Vision Manager, Client Engagement & Events Marketing, Xerox Corporation Events Manager, Zebra Technologies Event Marketing Director, Zumba Fitness