Development of Sustainable Dwellings in Wales

Development of Sustainable D salubriousings in WalesThis study foc wonts on the discipline of a sustainable retrofit invent for a typical abode in Wales. thither argon two parts that have been discussed in this report. The first section is a full phylogenesis blueprint to trim the sack exist with a work out of 30K and the second is a computer science of carbon remains of a building element (wall insularism corporals).The job was predicted to grasp 70% drop-offs in carbon dioxide emissions for a cost of about 26K.Further more(prenominal), the ability cost would be reduced by 85% if the maturation plan was implemented in full. misusewise approach has been utilise to poster the slaying. replenishment the heating organisation and adding more insulating material for the roof, walls and floor are considered the signifi dopet m haltment of the throw off with causeable pay guts periods.The corporal carbon dioxide emission for tether disparate insularism mat erials has been calculated. Rock wool has the beginningest rate 833 kg co2e compared to 875, 1737 to the Sheeps wool and spread out Polystyrene respectivel1.1 Background1.1.1 IntroductionIndeed, there is a Brobdingnagian pressure on governments to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions. genus Paris agreement, is a recent agreement within the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, was agreed to keep the global warming downstairs 2C (1). British government aims to have an 80% reduction by 2050. This means a huge improvement is postulate in free vigor efficiency of our animate nursing home. The recent report shows that over 45% of nub greenhouse emissions were emitted from dwelling building (2).The domestic sector accounted for 29 % of the heart efficiency consumption in 2015(3).Furthermore, residential was ranked the fourth in the get along of greenhouse gas emission according to national statistics(4) the think to a lower place show the greenhouse gas em ission by different sectors.Figure (1) Greenhouse gas emission by sector (DECC), UK, 20141.1.2 The berthThis house was built in 1930s and has three bedrooms with South-West cladding and located in Wales.The external walls are cavity wall with poultice scarcely without any insulating material, the floor has no withdrawal, the roof is slate tiles with 50mm insularity mingled with the rafters. The windows are double glazed, with a 6mm air gap, PVC frames and with U quantify of 2.8.The doorsills are in any case PVC frame with U value of 2.8. The heating system is an old mains gas boiler with 65% efficiency, the mental ability of hot body of water tank 120 litre.1.1.3 Performance prior to restorationThis house has a run over rating of 45, below the national mean(a) of 48 and therefore there is a need to improve its performance to achieve 80 % of reduction in emissions as well as the annual fuel cost. This could be achieved by cut down the heat bolshie finished the wall s, floor, roof as well as windows and doors.1.2 Development planThere are two factors that are set to dramatically transform the way in which building was designed and fabricated in the first twenty-first century- insulating material and energy. There is a need to maximise the insulation levels of the buildings charm at the same time rethinking the ways in which building consumes the energy needed to run them. shade 1 Upgrading the heating system fresh boilers are more efficacious be hold they burn the fuel in truth efficiently. The fuel type overly has a direct bushel on reducing the fuel government note as well as carbon emissions. The capsule gas boiler (90% efficacy) with room thermostat is the better(p) choice in this matter.Step 2 Insulating the roof, floor and wallsThe challenge in adding insulation levels in domestics is to choose the right materials that fit for purpose. Understanding the properties of the materials and when it is suited to fitting in the attic quadruplet is essential. Moreover, price, throw out safety, chemicals involved and stamp out of life should also be considered when choosing the material (5).- groundwork Phenolic foam insulation would offer the best performance of any readily available panel (6). It also has less(prenominal) impact on room size where dry-lining is considered. Kingspans Kooltherm phenolic is the good natural selection for floors. The designed U value for floor is 0.2 W/m2K.-Cavity wall insulation Filling the cavity gap between the inner and outer blocks with inhibit insulation material has been considered. However, it is juicyly likely that insulating the cavity alone leave behind not be enough to achieve the required U-values. For this reason, adding internal or external insulation should also be concerned to achieve the targeted U-value. The designed u value for injected insulation with external wall insulation (Rockwool) is 0.49 (W/m2K).-Roofs mineral wool insulation is highly recommended f or roof insulation, 160 mm is added between rafters and 100 mm below them. The designed U value in this case is 0.15 (W/m2K).Step 3 Minimising infiltration (disuse chimneys, draught proofing). respiration is needed in traditional buildings to help the fabric breathe. Chimneys would have contri exactlyed greatly to the ventilation rate, so it is advised, in more or less cases, that chimneys could to be left open to kick natural ventilation. However, disused chimney, if left fully open, get out often cause more heat loss. It also fag end let water in, if it is uncapped. any(prenominal) methods cigaret be recommendedCAPS a cap at the top of a chimney will prevent water ingress but stomach through ventilation. However, caps can cause huge damage and be very dangerous if they blow off in case of windy weather.Balloons is the quickest and cheapest way to close of a flue that is not being used, but it is awkward and dirty when removing and reinstalling them in place.Step 4 Reducing the energy consumption for lighting ( lead).LED lighting is extremely energy efficient technology and has changed the future of lighting worldwide. The residential LED lighting use less 70% energy and last 25 times perennial life (7). The value of lighting gain in the SAP counting (67) was reduced by 70% of the original value.Step 5 facility renewable sources (PV panel).The solar photovoltaic (PV) has many advantages that a householder can benefit from. The main benefit is to cut electricity bill as well as sell the left over electricity to the actor grid. non to mention, the sunlight is free and that means nearly zero carbon footprint (8). It is advised the Monocrystalline system with 20% efficiency is required to generate nigh 2700kWh annually. This system requires 21 square meter roof space and makes thriftiness around 12p/kWh from electricity bill. However, if a householder doesnt use the electricity produced, exported to grid or store it in batteries are the only two opt ions available. The repositing technology has been ignored because the cost and complexity with installing at dwelling. The exported duty is 3.1 p/kWh, but this figure could be ignored as the power generated by the system would be absorbed by the site demand.Step 6 UPVC triad glazing windowsThe huge heating loss in domestics occurs through windows. There is a growing range in this area to improve the thermal performance of this element. Triple glazing is the best options that could be considered to achieve the reduction target. This element has an excellent U-value (one or less) which provide a decrease in energy consumption as well as reducing carbon dioxide emissions.Step 7 UPVC high efficient doorIt is suggested that the original doors on the home, with a U-value of 2.8 W/m2.K, should be replaced with a high performance triple glazed door, reducing the U-value of the surface by 65%.1.3 Alternatives optionsOther systems were also considered but rejected due to the cost-effectiv eness as well as the stray size. For exampleMechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) is widely used for highly energy efficient buildings in the UK. However, the complexity to install and the high capital cost, the system was ignored.Under floor heating is a modern technology that allows the householder to enjoy the luxury of the warm floor during the winter. In other hand, under floor system is pricey to install in retrofit house and more difficult to maintain if any fuss occurs.Wind turbine roof-mounted and freestanding mast wind turbines are two types that can be installed in the project. The micro wind turbine was rejected because the space limitation, the turbine noise and conserve the birds in the local area.1.4 Analysis and evaluationSAP rating the chart (1) illustrates the improvement of the SAP rating though the development plan. It is clearly seen that the property has been developed from 45.65 to over 90 and that means the house can achieve band B in the EPC. CO2 emissions rate As it can be seen from the graph (2) below, a significant decrease in CO2 emissions though the development plan. The house would benefit of 70% reduction on CO2 emissions as the plan reduced CO2 emissions rate from 71.35 to below 22.77. vitality cost The annual fuel cost has been reduced from 1354 to below two hundred as graph (3) indicates. A reduction of 85% of annual energy bill will be achieved if the designed plan is implemented.The projects budget was 30K however, the full money spent in this plan is around 26K. The ingenuous payback method has been used for financial evaluation. The full plan will require 20 years to recover the cost of the project.The plan is designed in stepwise to achieve higher performance as well as keep the cost low as much as possible. The graph (4) shows that SAP rating improvement against the cost for each step. Replacing windows and doors would cost over 7000 and 1000 respectively with having longer payback periods (graph 5), th at took them to the end of the list.Note Full data can be found in the appendix (table 3). graph (1) SAP rating during the development planGraph (2) CO2 emissions rate through the development planGraph (3) annual energy cost through the development planGraph (4) SAP improvement vs. CostGraph (5) Simple payback calculation for development plan1.5 ConclusionThe project will benefit significantly by replacing the heating system as well as adding more insulation for the roof, floor and walls. However, replacing windows the doors have slight effect on the house performance as it costs more with less benefit. installment photovoltaic panels will make a huge impact on the project performance. It would make saving over 55% from the energy bill if 3 KWp panel was installed.2.1 IntroductionThe thermal resistance provided by insulation materials used in the building fabric means that the energy savings from insulation made during the operation of the building far outweigh its embodied environ mental impacts. Also, insulation products tend to have a very low density and, therefore, when reviewed in a building context, only relatively niggling masses of materials are used. However, if insulations are not assessed with a whole-building life-cycle approach they may not appear to be an inherently low environmental impact material, because of the resources and energy used during manufacture, the use of blowing agents and the lack of reuse/recycling at the end of life. This study will illustrate the environmental impact of three different types of insulation it also provides the carbon footprint calculation for the project that was refurbished in the Part 1.2.2 Literature surveyThe Green guide classifies the insulation used in the building intoNon-renewable complete-based insulation such(prenominal) as spread out polystyrene (EPS) this material has conduction 0.038 W/mK, density 37 kg/m3. It is a rigid, open cell form of polystyrene blown with pentane. EPS is a thermoplas tic polymer, so can be re do byed and recycled more easily than thermoset polymers. Most process take is recycled but there is limited recycling of postconsumer packaging.Renewable organic plant/animal-derived insulation such as Sheeps wool insulation it has conductivity 0.039 W/mK, density 25 kg/m3. The sheeps wool that is not suitable for textiles, is used for insulation. The wool needs to be scoured, requiring energy and water, and the resulting pesticide residue from the shroud dip needs treatment. Binders and polyester fibre are required, as well as chemical treatment to prevent moth attack.Mineral wool insulation such as Rockwool is a medium density insulation product of 45 kg/m3 and has a thermal conductivity of 0.044 W/mK. Rockwool is made of 77% virgin raw material mainly in the form of diabase, gotland stone, linden stone, cement and bauxite. The remaining 23% are classed as waste materials.End-of-life issues for insulationMany insulation types are recyclable at end of life, but do not currently have any recycling system in place for material recovered from construction, refurbishment or demolition. There is evidence that some insulation waste from construction is incorporated elsewhere within the building, rather than being sent for disposal. For most materials, the impact associated with end of life is the disposal impact measured by BRE relating to the amount of material landfilled or incinerated. The BRE methodology also includes the emissions associated with incineration and landfill, including burning of landfill gas. For renewable materials, the end-of-life stage can have a significant impact if the sequestered carbon is released back into the environment through incineration or decay in landfill.Table (1) End-of-life waste destination (reference 11)InsulationEnd of life waste destination (%)LandfillIncinerationRecycledExpanded polystyrene (EPS)9091Sheeps wool10000Rockwool4010502.3 degree Celsius footprint calculationThe construction carbo n calculator is used to determine the environmental impact for insulation materials. This tool was downloaded from the governments website (12).CO2 emissions calculationThe table below shows the total amount of co2 emissions for the three types of insulation.Table (2) Carbon footprint calculation for EPS, Sheeps wool and RockwoolReferenceUnitExpanded PolystyreneSheeps woolRockwoolWall aream2one hundred ten110110Insulation thicknessAssumptionm0.10.10.1 glitz of insulationm3111111DensityRef (13)kg/m3372545Masskg407275495Waste 5%Assumptionkg427.35288.75519.75Carbon coefficientRef(14)kgco2/kg3.432.091.12 embody CO2kg co2e1465.8105603.4875582.12BoundaryRef(14)cradle to gatecradle to gatecradle to scratch up imparting of materialManufacturer website200 miles from Kent by road one hundred seventy-five miles from Liverpool by roadNonTransport Embodied CO2kg co2e19190Waste destinationRef(11)90% landfill100% landfill50% landfillWaste masskg366.3275259.875Waste Embodied CO2kg co2e3.193.481.7T ransport of wasteAssumptionmiles100100100Transport waste Embodied CO2kg co2e0.20.20.2Total waste Embodied CO2kg co2e3.393.681.9Energy consumedAssumptionKwh200200200Plant CO2 emissionskg co2e119119119Project duration (days)Assumption333Travel CO2 emissionskg co2e one hundred thirty130130Totalkg co2e1737.2005875.1675833.022.4 ConclusionAs it can be seen from the previews calculation, the highest embodied CO2 emission is Expanded Polystyrene because of the higher carbon coefficient and end-of-life issue. For that reason EP is out of consideration. Sheeps wool is natural source, absorbing and releasing moisture without fall its thermal insulating properties. However, it has more CO2 emissions than Rockwool which also take it out of thought. In addition to Rockwool has less embodied CO2 emissions, it has excellent thermal insulation with more flexibility to install. Mineral wool has also superior fire resistance as well as better acoustic properties.The Paris Agreement main page (2001) Available at http//unfccc.int/paris_agreement/items/9485.php (Accessed 14 February 2017).DECC (2011), The Carbon Plan Delivering Our Low Carbon Future, p.29.Department of Energy and Climate Change. have of United Kingdom energy statistics (DUKES). Available at http//www.decc.gov.uk/en/ case/cms/statistics/ publications/dukes.Government Statistics (no date) Available at http//4.https//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/496942/2014_Final_Emissions_Statistics_Release.pdf (Accessed 14 February 2017).Technology Strategy Board, 2014. Reducing energy use in existing homes, a guide to making retrofit work. RETROFIT FOR THE FUTURE, 1, 15.D Pickles, I Brocklebank C Wood, 2010. ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN HISTORIC BUILDINGS Open fires, chimneys and flues. nglish Heritage, 1, 17.LED Lighting Department of Energy. 2017. LED Lighting Department of Energy. ONLINE Available at https//www.energy.gov/energysaver/led-lighting. Accessed 15 February 2017.R. Sadgrove S.Peste r, 2014. Installation of photovoltaic panels on existing flat roofs some lessons learned. BRE Information Papers, IP 8/14, 7.SEI, Retrofitted Passive Homes, 2009. Retrofitted Passive Homes Guidelines for upgrading existing dwelling in Ireland. Retrofitted Passive Homes, 1, 15.Shorrock L D and Utley J I. Domestic energy fact file 2003,BRE BR 457. Bracknell, IHS BRE Press, 2003.K Albury J Anderson , 2011. Environmental relate Of Insulation . BRE TRUST, 2011. 10Government Website. 2007. Construction Carbon Calculator. ONLINE Available at https//www.gov.uk/government/organisations/environment-agency/about/procurement. Accessed 28 February 2017.http//jablite.co.uk. 2016. Jablite EPS . ONLINE Available at http//jablite.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Jablite-EPS.pdf. Accessed 28 February 2017.Sheep woollen Insulation Premium. 2016. Sheep Wool. ONLINE Available at http//www.sheepwoolinsulation.ie/products/premium_insulation_technical.asp. Accessed 28 February 2017.Prof.Hammond Jones, Prof.G and C, 2011. The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE). 1st ed. UK University of BathTable (3) Full data of the development planCurrentStep 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5Step 6Step 7Overall Assignment ResultsCurrentNew boilerInsulated FloorInsulated wallsInsulated roofMinimising infiltrationLED lightingPV panelUPVC Triple glazingUPVC doorDwelling volume (m)223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6223.6Effective air change rate1.22611.22611.22611.226141.22610.668780.66880.66880.668780.668784Ventilation type24d24d24d24d24d24d24d24d24d24dFabric heat loss (W/K )309.66309.66213.77130.25123.37123.37123.37123.3784.2882.28Total fabric heat loss (W/K )339.06339.06243.17159.65152.77152.77152.77152.77113.68111.68HLP (W/mK )4.23774.23773.29172.467692.39981.994061.99411.99411.608411.588676Heat gains from water heating, (kWh)1489.61489.61489.61489.651489.61489.651489.61489.61489.651489.648 fairish Internal gains (W)485.09485.09485.09485.085485.09485.085468.49468.49468.494468.4936Average Sola r gains (W)339.96339.96339.96339.956339.96339.956339.96339.96254.967254.9673Mean Internal temperature (C)17.53417.53418.06318.640218.69519.053519.04319.04319.372319.39251 situation heating requirement in kWh2/m2/year203.94203.94160.8119.082115.4591.337592.20192.20172.931971.72854Efficiency of main space heating system 1 (in %)0.660.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9Efficiency of water heater0.660.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.90.9fire for water heating, kWh4281.23139.53139.53139.543139.53139.543139.53139.53139.543139.544 electricity for pumps, fans and electric keep-hot0000000000Electricity for lighting (calculated in Appendix L)284.43284.43284.43284.428284.43284.42885.32885.32885.328385.32833Energy saving/generation technologies0000000-2700-2700-2700Average Fuel costs (p)8.3358.3358.3358.3358.3358.3358.3359.3069.3069.306Additional standing charges174174174174174174174174174174Total energy cost1354.51050.7